A Quantum Algorithm for a FULL Adder Operation Based on Registers of the CPU in a Quantum-gated Computer

International Journal of Theoretical Physics - So far, the world of quantum-gated computing has been exploited, aimed at the limited applications based upon the Deutsch algorithm in 1985 and a few...     

Thermoanalytical study on the oxidation of uranium dioxides derived from uranyl nitrate,uranyl acetate and ammonium diuranate

The oxidation of UO₂ was investigated by TG, DSC and X-ray diffraction . UO₂ samples were prepared by the reduction of UO₃ at P_H2 + P_N2 = 100 + 50 mm Hg and 5°C min^?1 up to 800°C. In order to obtain six UO₂ samples with different preparative histories, UNH, UAH and ADU were used as starting materials and their thermal decomposition was carried out at 450–625°C for 0–9 h at an air flow rate of 100 ml min^?1. α-UO₃, γ-UO₃, UO₃ - 2 H₂O, and their mixtures were obtained. The reduction of UO₃ gave β-UO_2+x with different x values from 0.030 to 0.055. The oxidation carried out at P_O2 = 150 mm Hg was found to consist of oxygen uptake at room temperature. UO₂ - U₃O₇ (Step I) and U₃O₇ → U₃O₈ (Step II). TG and DSC curves of the oxidation showed two plateaus and two exothermic peaks corresponding to Steps I and II. In the case of two of the samples, the DSC peak of Step II split into two substeps, which were assumed to be due to the different reactivities of U₃O- formed from α-CO₃ and that from other types of UO₃. The increase in O/U ratio due to the oxygen uptake at room temperature changed from 0.010 to 0.042 except for a sample prepared from ADU which showed an extraordinarily large value of 0.445. TG curves showed an increase in O/U from room temperature to near 250°C for Step I and the plateau at 250–350°C where O/U was about 2.42, and showed a sharp increase in O/U above 350°C for Step II and the plateau above 100°C where O/U was 2.72–2.75. It is thought that the prepared UO₂ had a defective structure with a large interstitial volume to accommodate the excess oxygen.     

Synthesis of uniform anatase TiO2 nanoparticles by the gel-sol method 2. Adsorption of OH- Ions to Ti(OH)4 gel and TiO2 particles

The pH value in the gel-sol system for the preparation of uniform anatase TiO2 nanoparticles, as a decisive factor for controlling the size and shape of the final product, was found to be significantly changed during the formation process of the anatase TiO2 particles from a condensed Ti(OH)4 gel. The dramatic evolution of pH with the progress of the synthetic process has clearly been explained in terms of the adsorption and desorption of a hydroxide ion (OH-) ora proton (H+) on the solids transforming with time. The adsorption and desorption of OH- or H+ were enhanced by the presence of an inert electrolyte such as NaClO4, as explained by its shielding effect on the electrical interactions between the electrically charged precipitates and free OH- and H+ ions. The electrolyte also hampered the phase transformation of Ti(OH)4 precipitate to anatase TiO2. This effect of electrolytes was explained in terms of the inhibited nucleation of anatase TiO2 by enhanced adsorption of OH- ions toTiO2 embryos. The points of zero charge (PZC) of the amorphous Ti(OH)4 precipitate and the anatase TiO2 particles at 25 degrees C were obtained from the change in pH associated with the adsorption and desorption of OH- or H+, i.e., 4.6 for Ti(OH)4 precipitate and 6.0 for anatase TiO2 in the presence of 0.1 mol dm(-3) NaClO4. The PZCof the Ti(OH)4 precipitate measured at 25 degrees C after additional aging at 100 degrees C for 30 min was shifted to 4.1, owing to the promoted adsorption of OH-.     

Liquid-Crystalline Polyurethanes. 5. Polyurethanes Containing the Cholesterol Moiety in the Side Chain

In the preceding papers of this series, we reported the synthesis of liquid-crystalline polyurethanes containing mesomorphic moieties in the main chain and in side chains [1–4]. Liquid crystalline polymers with side groups containing the cholesterol moiety have also been studied [5, 6]. The main focus of attention has centered around the study of phase transitions of acrylic and methacrylic derivatives of cholesterol. This paper describes the synthesis of a new type of liquid-crystalline polyurethane containing the cholesterol moiety in side chains.     

Catalytic dissymmetrization of meso-2-imidazolidinones: alternative route to chiral synthons for 1,2-diamines

The chiral functionalization of a simple heterocycle, 1,3-dihydro-2-imidazolone, was achieved by the highly enantioselective monodeacylation of meso-1,3-diacetyl-2-imidazolidinones via an oxazaborolidine-catalyzed borane reduction. This kinetically controlled dissymmetrization is sufficiently effective to provide a synthetic route to either enantiomer of (4S, 5S)- or (4R, 5R)-4,5-dimethoxy-2-imidazolidinone derivatives, which serve as chiral synthons for threo-1,2-diamines.     

Synthesis and lithium ion insertion/extraction properties of hollandite-type MnO2 prepared by acid digestion of Mn2O3

Single-phase specimens of α-MnO₂ (hollandite-type) and β-MnO₂ (rutile-type) were synthesized by the acid digestion of Mn₂O₃ under reflux conditions. The type of polymorph of MnO₂ products was strongly dependent on the reaction temperature, type of acid used, and its concentration. The pH titration curve of α-MnO₂ displayed a monobasic acid behavior toward Li⁺, but β-MnO₂ showed a poor ion-exchange property. In contrast, both α-MnO₂ and β-MnO₂ acted as a rechargeable active material in a liquid organic electrolyte lithium cell. The initial discharge capacities of both electrodes exceeded 200 mAh/g (cut-off voltage: 2 V). After discharge–charge repetition, the α-MnO₂ structure was still retained without structure collapse, although the β-MnO₂ structure was destroyed. These findings show that Li⁺ ions can be inserted only into the hollandite-type tunnels in α-MnO₂ and cannot diffuse the rutile-type linkages in α-MnO₂ as well as those in β-MnO₂ without structure collapse.     

A novel inhibitor for Fe-type nitrile hydratase: 2-cyano-2-propyl hydroperoxide

Nitrile hydratase (NHase) is a non-heme iron or non-corrin cobalt enzyme having two post-translationally modified ligand residues, cysteine-sulfinic acid (alphaCys112-SO(2)H) and -sulfenic acid (alphaCys114-SOH). We studied the interaction between Fe-type NHase and isobutyronitrile (iso-BN) which had been reported as a competitive inhibitor with a K(i) value of 5 microM. From detailed kinetic studies of the inhibitory effect of iso-BN on Fe-type NHase, we found that authentic iso-BN was hydrated normally and that the impurity present in commercially available iso-BN inhibited NHase activity strongly. The inhibitory compound induced significant changes in the UV-vis absorption spectrum of NHase, suggesting its interaction with the iron center. This compound was purified by using reversed-phase HPLC and identified as 2-cyano-2-propyl hydroperoxide (Cpx) by (1)H and PFG-HMBC NMR spectroscopy. Upon addition of a stoichiometric amount of Cpx, NHase was irreversibly inactivated, probably by the oxidation of alphaCys114-SOH to Cys-SO(2)H. This result suggests that the -SOH structure of alphaCys114 is essential for the catalytic activity. The oxygen atom in Cys-SO(2)H is confirmed to come from the solvent H(2)O. The oxidized NHase was found to induce the UV-vis absorption spectral changes by addition of Cpx, suggesting that Cpx strongly interacted with iron(III) in the oxidized NHase to form a stable complex. Thus, Cpx functions as a novel irreversible inhibitor for NHase.     

High-efficiency and minimum-waste continuous kinetic resolution of racemic alcohols by using lipase in supercritical carbon dioxide

A novel continuous-flow scCO(2) process for kinetic resolution of racemic alcohols can be performed with an immobilized lipase to lead to a quantitative mixture of the corresponding optically active acetates with up to 99% ee and unreacted alcohols with up to 99% ee, in which the productivity of the optically active compounds was improved by over 400 times compared to the corresponding batch reaction using scCO(2).     

A numerical study on the formation of diffusion flame islands in a turbulent hydrogen jet lifted flame

This paper presents a numerical study on the formation of diffusion flame islands in a hydrogen jet lifted flame. A real size hydrogen jet lifted flame is numerically simulated by the DNS approach over a period of about 0.5 ms. The diameter of hydrogen injector is 2 mm, and the injection velocity is 680 m/s. The lifted flame is composed of a stable leading edge flame, a vigorously turbulent inner rich premixed flame, and a number of outer diffusion flame islands. The relatively long-term observation makes it possible to understand in detail the time-dependent flame behavior in rather large time scales, which are as large as the time scale of the leading edge flame unsteadiness. From the observation, the following three findings are obtained concerning the formation of diffusion flame islands. (1) A thin oxygen diffusion layer is developed along the outer boundary of the lifted flame, where the diffusion flame islands burn in a rather flat shape. (2) When a diffusion flame island comes into contact with the fluctuating inner rich premixed flame, combustion is intensified due to an increase in the hydrogen supply by molecular diffusion. This process also works for the production of the diffusion flame islands in the oxygen diffusion layer. (3) When a large unburned gas volume penetrates into the leading edge flame, the structure of the leading edge flame changes. In this transformation process, a diffusion flame island comes near the leading edge flame. The local deficiency of oxygen plays an important role in this production process.