Explosive fragmentation of a thin ceramic tube using pulsed power

This study experimentally examined the explosive fragmentation of thin ceramic tubes using pulsed power. A thin ceramic tube was threaded on a thin copper wire, and high voltage was applied to the wire using a pulsed power generator. This melted the wire and the resulting vapor put pressure on the ceramic tube, causing it to fragment. We examined the statistical properties of the fragment mass distribution. The cumulative fragment mass distribution obeyed the double exponential or power law with exponential decay. Both distributions agreed well with the experimental data. Finally, we obtained universal scaling for fragmentation, which is applicable to both impact and explosive fragmentation.     

Preconcentration of copper, cadmium, and lead with a thiacalix[4]arenetetrasulfonate-loaded Sephadex A-25 anion-exchanger for graphite-furnace atomic-absorption spectrometry

A rapid column-adsorption method has been developed for concentrating traces of copper, cadmium, and lead in water prior to their determinations by graphite-furnace atomic-absorption spectrometry. The adsorbent used was prepared by loading a strongly basic anion-exchanger QAE-Sephadex A-25 (50 mg) with thiacalix[4]arenetetrasulfonate (20 mol). Two-hundredfold preconcentration of the analyte elements was achieved by passing 100 mL of sample solution (pH 8.0) through a column packed with the adsorbent (6 mm i.d.×7 mm high) at a flow rate of 10 mL min^–1 and by the subsequent elution with 500 L of aqueous nitric acid solution (1 mol L^–1). The practical applicability of the proposed method was evaluated by analyzing certified reference seawater samples.     

The first samarium(II)-mediated aryl radical cyclisation onto an aromatic ring

Intramolecular arylation of aryl radicals was mediated by SmI(2)/HMPA in the presence of i-PrOH to give spirocycles and/or reduced cine-cyclised products, while the reaction in the absence of i-PrOH gave the rearomatised fused rings.     

Total synthesis of cladocorans A and B: a structural revision

Cladocorans A and B, isolated from the Mediterranean coral Cladocora cespitosa, are novel sesterterpenoids whose structures were initially proposed as 1 and 2, respectively. These designations, however, subsequently came under doubt. In the present study, the synthesis of compounds 5 and 6 was undertaken. The physical properties of 5 and 6 were found to be identical to those of natural cladocorans A and B, whose structures were thus concluded to be 5 and 6, respectively. Cladocoran B is thus clearly shown to be an olefinic regioisomer of dysidiolide and cladocoran A as its acetate.     

Monitoring molecular beacon DNA probe hybridization at the single-molecule level

We have monitored the reaction dynamics of the DNA hybridization process on a liquid/solid interface at the single-molecule level by using a hairpin-type molecular beacon DNA probe. Fluorescence images of single DNA probes were recorded by using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy. The fluorescence signal of single DNA probes during the hybridization to individual complementary DNA probes was monitored over time. Among 400 molecular beacon DNA probes that we tracked, 349 molecular beacons (87.5 %) were hybridized quickly and showed an abrupt fluorescence increase, while 51 probes (12.5 %) reacted slowly, resulting in a gradual fluorescence increase. This ratio stayed about the same when varying the concentrations of cDNA in MB hybridization on the liquid/surface interface. Statistical data of the 51 single-molecule hybridization images showed that there was a multistep hybridization process. Our results also showed that photostability for the dye molecules associated with the double-stranded hybrids was better than that for those with the single-stranded molecular beacon DNA probes. Our results demonstrate the ability to obtain a better understanding of DNA hybridization processes using single-molecule techniques, which will improve biosensor and biochip development where surface-immobilized molecular beacon DNA probes provide unique advantages in signal transduction.     

Porphyrin hetero-dimer as charge separating system for photocurrent generation

Introducing a porphyrin bearing electron acceptor onto a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) using a supramolecular method to form a hetero-dimer increased the photocurrent value compared with using porphyrin without an electron acceptor.     

Polymer-supported bisBINOL ligands for the immobilization of multicomponent asymmetric catalysts

[reaction: see text] Polymer-supported bisBINOL ligands were successfully utilized for the immobilization of multicomponent asymmetric catalysts. The polymer-supported Al-Li-bis(binaphthoxide) (ALB) catalyst was more effective than the dendrimer-supported ALB in the Michael reaction of 2-cyclohexen-1-one with dibenzyl malonate affording the adduct in 91% yield with 96% ee. The polymer was also effective for the immobilization of a mu-oxodititanium complex that promoted carbonyl-ene reaction of ethyl glyoxalate with alpha-methyl styrene to provide the adduct with up to 98% ee.     

Evaluation of Superharmonic Functions Using Limits Along Lines

If u is a superharmonic function on R², then [formula] for all (x, y) R². This follows from the fact that a line segmentin R² is non-thin at each of its constituent points. (See Doob[1, 1.XI] or Helms [7, Chapter 10] for an account of thin setsand the fine topology.) The situation is different in higherdimensions. For example, if u is the Newtonian potential onR³ defined by [formula] then [formula] Corollary 2 below will show that, nevertheless, for nearly everyvertical line L, the value of a superharmonic function at anypoint X of L is determined by its lower limit along L at X. Throughout this paper, we let n 3. A typical point of Rⁿ willbe denoted by X or (X', x), where X'R^n–1 and xR. Givenany function f:Rⁿ [–,+] and any point X, we define thevertical cluster set of f at X by [formula] and the fine cluster set of f at X by [formula] 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification 31B05.