Mesoporous Carbons of Well-Organized Structure in the Removal of Dyes from Aqueous Solutions

Mesoporous carbons with differentiated properties were synthesized by using the method of impregnation of mesoporous well-organized silicas. The obtained carbonaceous materials and microporous activated carbon were investigated by applying different methods in order to determine their structural, surface and adsorption properties towards selected dyes from aqueous solutions. In order to verify applicability of adsorbents for removing dyes the equilibrium and kinetic experimental data were measured and analyzed by applying various equations and models. The structural and acid-base properties of the investigated carbons were evaluated by Small-Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS) technique, adsorption/desorption of nitrogen, potentiometric titration, and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The results of these techniques are complementary, indicating the type of porosity and structural ordering, e.g., the pore sizes determined from the SAXS data are in good agreement with those obtained from nitrogen sorption data. The SAXS and TEM data confirm the regularity of mesoporous carbon structure. The adsorption experiment, especially kinetic measurements, reveals the utility of mesoporous carbons in dye removing, taking into account not only the adsorption uptake but also the adsorption rate.     

Polymeric Functionalized Stationary Phase for Separation of Ionic Compounds by IC

Synthesis and properties are described of multilayered stationary phases containing quaternary amine functional groups used for the analysis of inorganic anions by ion chromatography. The bonded phases were characterized by elemental analysis, solid state (13)C NMR spectroscopy and chromatographic methods. The surface of polyhydroxyethyl methacrylate (solid support) was coated with polymeric layers formed by condensation polymerization of primary amine with diepoxide. Each layer of the anion exchange stationary phase consisted of methylamine and 1,4-butanedioldiglycidyl ether copolymer. A series of stationary phases with different number of polymerized layers were tested. Separation of inorganic anions, such as F(-), Cl(-), NO(2) (-), Br(-), NO(3) (-), were performed. Aqueous hydroxide, carbonate and bicarbonate solutions were used as mobile phases.     

KBr superstructure templates self-assembled on reconstructed AIIIBV semiconductor surfaces

In this report we present results of combined high resolution LT-STM and LEED studies of ultrathin epitaxial KBr films grown on an InSb(0 0 1) c(8 × 2) substrate. Based on atomically resolved STM maps and LEED diffractograms the film structure as well as superimposed electronic effects are explained. The origin of additional 4 × 4 superstructure observed on ultrathin films is discussed. Possible application of the KBr/InSb system as a template for growing organic molecule structures is suggested.     

Adsorption of Large Organic Molecules on Clean and Hydroxylated Rutile TiO2(110) Surfaces

Behavior of large organic molecules equipped with spacer groups (Violet Landers, VL) on the TiO₂(110)‐(1×1) surfaces is investigated by means of high‐resolution scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Two distinct adsorption geometries are observed. We demonstrate that the molecule adsorption morphology can be alternated by well‐controlled STM tip‐induced manipulation. It is used to probe the mobility of molecules and reveals locking in one of the analyzed adsorption sites, thus allow to enhance or reduce the mobility along the [001] direction. Field induced hydrogen desorption is used to perform lateral STM manipulation on a hydroxyl‐free surface, which provides insight into the influence of surface hydroxyl groups on the molecule behavior. The ability to image with submolecular resolution both the central board and the spacer groups of the VL molecule is demonstrated.     

On nonmeasurable images

Let (X, ⫿) be a Polish ideal space and let T be any set. We show that under some conditions on a relation R ⊆ T ² × X it is possible to find a set A ⊆ T such that R(A ²) is completely ⫿-nonmeasurable, i.e, it is ⫿-nonmeasurable in every positive Borel set. We also obtain such a set A ⊆ T simultaneously for continuum many relations (R_a )_{a < 2^w} {({R_\alpha })_{\alpha < {2^\omega }}}. Our results generalize those from the papers of K. Ciesielski, H. Fejzić, C. Freiling and M. Kysiak.     

Completely nonmeasurable unions

Assume that no cardinal κ < 2 ^ω is quasi-measurable (κ is quasi-measurable if there exists a κ-additive ideal $ \mathbb{I} $ \mathbb{I} of X contains uncountably many pairwise disjoint subfamilies $ \mathbb{I} $ \mathbb{I} -Bernstein unions ∪ $ \mathbb{I} $ \mathbb{I} -Bernstein if A and X \ A meet each Borel $ \mathbb{I} $ \mathbb{I} -positive subset B ⊆ X). This result is a generalization of the Four Poles Theorem (see [1]) and results from [2] and [4].     

Descriptive properties of density preserving autohomeomorphisms of the unit interval

We prove that density preserving homeomorphisms form a Π ₁ ¹ -complete subset in the Polish space ? of all increasing autohomeomorphisms of unit interval.     

Novel sample treatment procedures for the determination of phosphorus in Cu‐based alloys using X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry to solve the microstructural effect issue

The accurate analysis of hard CuP and CuPAg‐type solders using X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry is a difficult task. Surface milling, the most common sample preparation method for calibration materials, results in poor accuracy for the phosphorus analysis, as evidenced by the unacceptable values of the root mean square error. Meanwhile, the analysis of real samples provides incorrect results, and microstructural effects are the main source of error. Thus, this effect was negated by considering the information depth of the phosphorus Kα line and the microstructure size of the alloys. Phosphorus was measured using a thin layer of the sample (a thickness of several micrometers). As a result, the analyzed layer was a poor representative of the sample. Two different approaches for solving the microstructural effect issue were proposed. In the first method, the alloy was remelted under controlled conditions to obtain fine‐grain samples, which successfully limited the microstructural effects. The second solution used specially prepared thin layer samples, and the sample dissolution eliminated the microstructural effect. Using the developed sample treatment methods resulted in an improvement in the accuracy of the phosphorus calibration curves. This allowed for the correct determination of phosphorus and other alloying elements in the Cu‐based alloys with low uncertainties.     

Reducing the polynomial-like iterative equations order and a generalized Zoltán Boros’ problem

We present a technique for reducing the order of polynomial-like iterative equations; in particular, we answer a question asked by Wenmeng Zhang and Weinian Zhang. Our method involves the asymptotic behaviour of the sequence of consecutive iterates of the unknown function at a given point. As an application we solve a generalized problem of Zoltán Boros posed during the 50th ISFE.     

Bispalladium(II) Complexes of di-p-Pyrirubyrin Derivatives as Promising Near-Infrared Photoacoustic Dyes

The insertion of palladium(II) into di-p-pyrirubyrin results in mutually convertible bimetallic complexes. Post-synthetic functionalization of one of them yielded bispalladium(II) dioxo-di-p-pyrirubyrin and, after demetallation, dioxo-di-p-pyrirubyrin, introducing for the first time the α,β′-pyridin-2-one unit into the macrocyclic frame. Bispalladium(II) di-p-pyrirubyrin 6 , bispalladium(II) dioxo-di-p-pyrirubyrin 9 , and dioxo-di-p-pyrirubyrin 10 absorb and emit light around 1000 nm and are characterized by high photostability. Thus, they are promising candidates for near-infrared photoacoustic dyes, ideally targeting ( 9 ) the wavelength of Yb-based fiber lasers. The incorporation of an α,β′-pyridine moiety into expanded porphyrins opens a highly interesting area of research due to the attractive optical and coordination properties of the resulting molecules.