Combined X-ray-electron imaging techniques: Limitations on lateral resolution

Capabilities of the imaging techniques, in which X-rays are converted to electrons and then the emitted electrons are registered by means of an electron microscope, are analyzed, the focus being on the factors limiting lateral resolution at the stage of electron emission. Bearing in mind the tendency to use harder synchrotron X-rays for some combined X-ray-electron microscopy methods, calculations were made for two significantly different X-ray energies: E = 1.828 keV (K-edge of Si) and E = 11.923 keV (L₃-edge of Au). By using Monte Carlo simulations of the electron trajectories beneath the surface of the sample we show that the radius of the spot from which photoelectrons are emitted could be as small as 1 nm. However, when proper account is taken of an entire electron cascade associated with the re-building of electron shells after photoelectron emission, spots more than one order of magnitude larger result, limiting the best lateral resolution to 20–30 nm.     

High order linear initial-value problems and Schauder bases

In this paper we approximate the solution of a linear initial-value problem, making use of a Schauder basis for certain Banach space associated with such a differential problem. In addition, we apply that results in order to calculate numerically the response from a structure modelled by a three degree-of-freedom mass–damper–spring system.     

Synthesis of metabolites of 3-O-t-butylmorphine

The synthesis of 2-hydroxymethyl-2-propylmorphine ( 5 ) and 2-hydroxymethyl-2-propylnormorphine ( 7 ), the major rat urinary metabolites of 3-O-t-butylmorphine ( 3 ) are described.     

Violation of KNO scaling and the NBD phenomenon in the framework of the statistical bootstrap model

The connection is considered of multiplicity distributions in three stages: partonic, hadronization, and hadronic. An interpretation of the LoPHD parameter is found. It is shown that under specific hypotheses on the form of the mass spectrum, the statistical bootstrap model leads to the negative binomial distribution (NBD) at the hadronic stage of development of the multiple production process with specific analytic dependences of the parameters of the NBD.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 5, pp. 28–32, May, 1991.One of the authors (V. I. Kuvshinov) is thankful to R. Hagedorn and G. Burgers for numerous discussions.