全文获取类型
收费全文 | 688篇 |
免费 | 26篇 |
国内免费 | 5篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 560篇 |
晶体学 | 4篇 |
力学 | 11篇 |
数学 | 72篇 |
物理学 | 72篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 3篇 |
2022年 | 14篇 |
2021年 | 14篇 |
2020年 | 11篇 |
2019年 | 6篇 |
2018年 | 7篇 |
2017年 | 3篇 |
2016年 | 17篇 |
2015年 | 22篇 |
2014年 | 19篇 |
2013年 | 32篇 |
2012年 | 47篇 |
2011年 | 70篇 |
2010年 | 29篇 |
2009年 | 23篇 |
2008年 | 45篇 |
2007年 | 54篇 |
2006年 | 44篇 |
2005年 | 37篇 |
2004年 | 42篇 |
2003年 | 40篇 |
2002年 | 33篇 |
2001年 | 10篇 |
2000年 | 7篇 |
1999年 | 5篇 |
1998年 | 7篇 |
1997年 | 10篇 |
1996年 | 10篇 |
1995年 | 5篇 |
1994年 | 6篇 |
1993年 | 8篇 |
1992年 | 1篇 |
1991年 | 5篇 |
1990年 | 1篇 |
1989年 | 4篇 |
1988年 | 2篇 |
1987年 | 1篇 |
1986年 | 5篇 |
1985年 | 2篇 |
1984年 | 2篇 |
1983年 | 1篇 |
1982年 | 1篇 |
1981年 | 1篇 |
1980年 | 3篇 |
1979年 | 2篇 |
1978年 | 2篇 |
1975年 | 2篇 |
1974年 | 2篇 |
1971年 | 1篇 |
1932年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有719条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
621.
A new branching strategy for time constrained routing problems with application to backhauling 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Sylvie Gélinas Martin Desrochers Jacques Desrosiers Marius M. Solomon 《Annals of Operations Research》1995,61(1):91-109
In this paper, we explore a new branching strategy for branch-and-bound approaches based on column generation for the vehicle routing problems with time windows. This strategy involves branching on resource variables (time or capacity) rather than on network flow variables. We also examine criteria for selecting network nodes for branching. To test the effectiveness of the branching strategy, we conduct computational experiments on time window constrained vehicle routing problems where backhauling is permitted only after all the shipments to clients have been made. The branching method proved very effective. In cases where time was the more binding constraint, time-based branching succeeded in decreasing the number of nodes explored by two thirds and the total computation time by more than half when compared to flow-based branching. The computational results also show that the overall algorithm was successful in optimally solving problems with up to 100 customers. It produced an average cost decrease of almost 7% when backhauling was permitted as compared to the cost involved when the client and the distributor routes were distinct. 相似文献
622.
623.
624.
Dr. Abdelaziz Al Ouahabi Dr. Paul Baxter Dr. Claude Mathis Maxime Bernard Dr. Bertrand Vileno Dr. Jean‐Paul Gisselbrecht Prof. Philippe Turek Dr. Jean‐Marie Mouesca Dr. Sylvie Choua 《Chemphyschem》2013,14(5):958-969
The electronic structure of polyanions of sterically encumbered triisopropylsilyl‐substituted linear and cyclic oligo(phenyleneethynylene)s ( M onomer, T rimer, P entamer, and Tr iangle) is investigated by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR), and UV/Vis–near‐infrared (NIR) spectroscopies, cyclic voltammetry, and theoretical calculations (DFT). Increasing anion orders are generated sequentially in vacuo at room temperature by chemical reaction with potassium metal up to the pentaanion. The relevance of these compounds acting as electron reservoirs is thus demonstrated. Even‐order anions are EPR silent, whereas the odd species exhibit different signatures, which are identified after comparison of the measured hyperfine couplings by ENDOR spectroscopy with those predicted by DFT calculations. With increasing size of the oligomers the electron spin density is first distributed over the backbone carbon atoms for the monoanions, and then further localized at the outer phenyl rings for the trianion species. Examination of the UV/Vis‐NIR spectra indicates that the monoanions ( T.? , P.? ) exhibit two transitions in the Vis‐NIR region, whereas a strong absorption in the IR region is solely observed for higher reduced states. Electronic transitions of the neutral monoanions and trianions are redshifted with increasing oligomer size, whereas for a given oligomer a blueshift is observed upon increasing the charge, which suggests a localization of the spin density. 相似文献
625.
Sirine Chehaidi Sylvie Foucaud Alexandre Maître Paul Goursat Catherine Bessada Aydar Rakhmatullin Yves Champavier 《应用有机金属化学》2010,24(4):338-345
Two routes were simultaneously investigated to prepare organometallic precursors. They were characterized by NMR and FTIR techniques. In the first route, yttrium acetate was silylated by trimethylchlorosilane before its dissolution in hexamethydisilazane. That leads to a liquid precursor containing Si? C? N? Y? O? H elements. In the second route, a precursor with the same elements was elaborated by dissolution of an amminolysed yttrium compound in tetramethyldisiloxane. The amminolysed yttrium compound was obtained through the amminolysis of the yttrium trichloride by triethylamine [N(C2H5)3]. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
626.
627.
628.
Cloud point extraction (CPE) was used to extract and separate lanthanum(III) and gadolinium(III) nitrate from an aqueous solution. The methodology used is based on the formation of lanthanide(III)-8-hydroxyquinoline (8-HQ) complexes soluble in a micellar phase of non-ionic surfactant. The lanthanide(III) complexes are then extracted into the surfactant-rich phase at a temperature above the cloud point temperature (CPT). The structure of the non-ionic surfactant, and the chelating agent-metal molar ratio are identified as factors determining the extraction efficiency and selectivity. In an aqueous solution containing equimolar concentrations of La(III) and Gd(III), extraction efficiency for Gd(III) can reach 96% with a Gd(III)/La(III) selectivity higher than 30 using Triton X-114. Under those conditions, a Gd(III) decontamination factor of 50 is obtained. 相似文献
629.
Rangan S Bournel F Gallet JJ Kubsky S Le Guen K Dufour G Rochet F Sirotti F Piaszenski G Funke R Kneppe M Köhler U 《The journal of physical chemistry. B》2005,109(26):12899-12908
Using a combination of local -- scanning tunneling microscopy -- and spatially integrated, but chemically sensitive probes -- X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and near edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy -- we have examined how 3-butenenitrile reacts with the Si(001)-2 x 1 surface at room temperature. Electron spectroscopies indicate three different nitrogen chemical bonds: a Si-C=N-Si bond, a C=C=N cumulative double bond, and a CN moiety datively bonded to a silicon atom. All molecular imprints detected by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) involve two adjacent silicon dimers in the same row. The three geometries we propose -- a double di-sigma bonding via the CN and the C=C, a cumulative double bond formation associated with alphaC-H bond dissociation, and a di-sigma vinyl bonding plus a CN datively bonded to a silicon atom -- are all compatible with electron spectroscopies and data. Real-time Auger yield kinetic measurements show that the double di-sigma bonding geometry is unstable when exposed to a continuous flux of 3-butenenitrile molecules, as the Si-C=N-Si unit transforms into a CN moiety. A model is proposed to explain this observation. 相似文献
630.
[reaction: see text] A small collection of nine polyamine-imidazole conjugates, potentially acting as RNases A mimics, has been synthesized on SynPhase lanterns using amino alcohols and diamines as building blocks. Couplings were performed via S(N)2 alkylation of methanesulfonates with amines. The final introduction of N-4-nitrobenzyloxycarbonyldiamines allowed easy purification of the cleaved compounds. 相似文献