Representations of D-posets

A generalization of an orthoalgebra, which includes the set of all effects (i.e., s.a. operators between 0 and 1 on a Hilbert space) is a D-poset or an effect algebra, equivalently. Two generalizations of test spaces the logics of which are D-posets are investigated and their equivalence is shown.     

Some remarks on an ODE-solver of Kirchgraber

Summary Kirchgraber derived in 1988 an integration procedure (called the LIPS-code) for long-term prediction of the solutions of equations which are perturbations of systems having only periodic solutions. His basic idea is to use the Poincaré map to define a new system which can be integrated with large step-size; the method is specially successful when the period is close to the unperturbed one. Obviously the size of the perturbation modifies the period and therefore affects the precision of the algorithm. In this paper we propose a double modification of Kirchgraber's code: to use a first-order approximation of the perturbed period instead of the unperturbed one, and a scheme specially designed for integration of orbits instead of the Runge-Kutta method. We show that this new code permits a spectacular improvement in accuracy and computation time.     

Uncoupled Hartree–Fock calculations of the polarizability and hyperpolarizabilities of nitrophenols

The polarizability and hyperpolarizabilities of nitrophenols as model compounds for studying nonlinear optics have been investigated at the Hartree-Fock level of approximation by means of the Dalgarno Uncoupled Hartree-Fock (DUHF) or Sum Over Orbitals (SOO) method. The additive character and the charge transfer effects in α, β, and γ have been analyzed in terms of the σ and π molecular orbital contributions, the contribution of the individual π molecular orbitals, and the contribution of the highest occupied and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals. Within the SOO approach, the reliability of the Two-Level Model has been tested and the influence of the rotation of the nitro group and of the presence of the intramolecular hydrogen bonding in ortho-nitrophenol have been studied. The results show that the present method is a reliable and efficient tool for the prediction of trends in the molecular polarizability and hyperpolarizabilities of large molecules. © 1995 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Compositions of Sasaki projections

In an orthomodular lattice (abbreviated OML) L, a Sasaki projection is a mappinga _x(a)=x(x va) fromL toL, wherexL. We study compositions of finite numbers of Sasaki projections and of the same Sasaki projections composed in inverse order. By using the Baer-semigroup of all finite compositions of Sasaki projections, we establish a new characterization of kernels of congruences in OMLs and a generalization of the parallelogram law for dimension OMLs. Our results are also related to quantum measurements via Pool's definition of the change of the support of a state after a measurement.     

Simultaneous determination of carbohydrates and simmondsins in jojoba seed meal (Simmondsia chinensis) by gas chromatography

Separate methods for the analyses of soluble carbohydrates in different plants and simmondsins in jojoba seed meal are described. A reliable gas chromatographic procedure for the simultaneous quantification of D-pinitol, myo-inositoL sucrose, 5-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-D-pinitol. 2-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-D-pinitol, simmondsin, 4-demethylsimmondsin, 5-demethylsimmondsin and 4,5-didemethylsimmondsin as trimethylsilyl derivatives in jojoba seed meal has been developed. The study of different extraction mixtures allowed for the quantitative recovery of the 9 analytes by a mixture of methanol-water (80:20, v/v) in the concentration range between 0.1 and 4%. Comparison of the separation parameters on three different capillary stationary phases with MS detection allowed for the choice of the optimal gas chromatographic conditions for baseline separation of the analytes.     

Potentiometric enzyme electrode for urea based on electrochemically prepared polypyrrole membranes

The present study explores the attractiveness of combining flow-injection (FI) with lead hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) to improve the selectivity and sensitivity of analysis. Lead hydride was generated in three acid-oxidant media: HNO₃-(NH₄)₂S₂O₈, lactic acid-K₂Cr₂O₇ and HNO₃-H₂O₂. The effect of chemical parameters (acid-oxidant concentration and NaBH₄ concentration) was investigated and the performance of each generation medium in terms of interferences, sensitivity and detection limits was compared with that obtained in batch mode. In all cases improved sensitivity (HNO₃-H₂O₂, 0.8 ng Pb; lactic acid-K₂Cr₂O₇, 0.2 ng Pb; (NH₄)₂S₂O₈-HNO₃, 4ng Pb) was obtained, most notably in HNO₃-H₂O₂, which provided 12 times higher sensitivity than in batch mode and sharper absorption peaks. Furthermore, interference by Cu and Ni was lower in the proposed FI-HG system. Compared with the batch mode, about 10 to 100 times higher concentrations of interferent are tolerated in the sample. The use of FI also allows work at a lower NaBH₄ concentration. The method was applied to the determination of lead in water samples with a sampling frequency of 180 samples per hour. In terms of both sensitivity and freedom from interferences, lactic acid-K₂Cr₂O₇ was the best of the generation media tested.On leave from the School of Environmental Studies, Jadavpur University, Calcutta 700032, India     

The anomalous shape of the cross section for the formation of SF3+ fragment ions produced by electron impact on SF6 revisited

The partial ionization cross section for the formation of SF(3) (+) fragment ions following electron impact on SF(6) is known to have a pronounced structure in the cross section curve slightly above 40 eV. We used the mass-analyzed ion kinetic energy (MIKE) scan technique to demonstrate the presence of a channel contributing to the SF(3) (+) partial ionization cross section that we attribute to the Coulomb explosion of doubly charged metastable SF(4) (2+) ions into two singly charged ions SF(3) (+) and F(+), with a threshold energy of about 45.5 eV. Thus the observed unusual shape of the SF(3) (+) partial ionization cross section is the result of two contributions, (i) the direct formation of SF(3) (+) fragment ions via dissociative ionization of SF(6) with a threshold energy of 22 eV and (ii) the Coulomb explosion of metastable SF(4) (2+) ions with a threshold energy of about 45.5 eV. A detailed analysis of the MIKE spectrum reveals an average kinetic energy release of about 5 eV in the Coulomb explosion of the SF(4) (2+) ions with evidence of a second channel corresponding to an average kinetic energy release of about 1.1 eV.     

Determination of deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin) by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection

A rapid method for the analysis of deoxynivalenol (DON) was developed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with reductive electrochemical detection (ED). Deoxynivalenol produced by Fusarium roseum growing on solid cornmeal and rice substrates and from naturally contaminated wheat was extracted and quantitated via ED. DON levels in wheat were verified by gas chromatography and structurally confirmed by mass spectrometry. DON was optimally resolved by HPLC employing a radially compressed octadecylsilane column and a mobile phase of deoxygenated methanol-40 mM borate buffer (35:65) at a flow-rate of 1.0 ml/min. Under these conditions DON exhibited an average retention time of 3.6 min. Reductive ED (-1.4 V) allowed a 12-fold increase in sensitivity and greater selectivity than classical UV absorption at 224 nm. A detection limit for DON of 25 pg/microliter was achieved under these conditions. The determination of DON in crude grain extracts was hindered by extractable interfering substances, whereas ED was more functional-group selective (i.e. reduction of the carbonyl moiety). ED permits a direct quantitation of DON from crude grain extracts and may facilitate the determination of this agent and associated metabolites in biological samples.