Functionalization of latex particle surface by using polymeric inisurfs

In this work the emulsion polymerisation of styrene was carried out in presence of the inisurfs (reactive surfactants). The reaction kinetics was followed by dilatometric and calorimetric measurements. The influence of the inisurf concentration in reaction mixture as well as the reaction temperature on the particle properties were studied. Resulting particles were characterised with FFFF‐MALLS and PCS. Viscosity measurements indicate the formation of particle flocks in the solution at certain inisurf concentration in reaction mixture.     

Developing organoboranes as phase transfer catalysts for nucleophilic fluorination using CsF

Despite the general high fluorophilicity of boron, organoboranes such as BEt₃ and 3,5-(CF₃)₂C₆H₃–BPin are shown herein for the first time, to our knowledge, to be effective (solid to solution) phase-transfer catalysts for the fluorination of certain organohalides with CsF. Significant (up to 30% e.e.) chiral induction during nucleophilic fluorination to form β-fluoroamines using oxazaborolidine (pre)catalysts and CsF also can be achieved. Screening different boranes revealed a correlation between calculated fluoride affinity of the borane and nucleophilic fluorination reactivity, with sufficient fluoride affinity required for boranes to react with CsF and form Cs[fluoroborate] salts, but too high a fluoride affinity leading to fluoroborates that are poor at transferring fluoride to an electrophile. Fluoride affinity is only one component controlling reactivity in this context; effective fluorination also is dependent on the ligation of Cs⁺ which effects both the phase transfer of CsF and the magnitude of the [Cs⋯F-BR₃] interaction and thus the B–F bond strength. Effective ligation of Cs⁺ (e.g. by [2.2.2]-cryptand) facilitates phase transfer of CsF by the borane but also weakens the Cs⋯F–B interaction which in turn strengthens the B–F bond – thus disfavouring fluoride transfer to an electrophile. Combined, these findings indicate that optimal borane mediated fluorination occurs using robust (to the fluorination conditions) boranes with fluoride affinity of ca. 105 kJ mol⁻¹ (relative to Me₃Si⁺) under conditions where a signficant Cs⋯F–B interaction persists.

Simple boranes with the optimal fluoride ion affinity are effective as catalysts for phase transfer nucleophilic fluorination with CsF.     

Low leakage stoichiometric SrTiO3 dielectric for advanced metal–insulator–metal capacitors

Metal–insulator–metal capacitors (MIMCAP) with stoichiometric SrTiO₃ dielectric were deposited stacking two strontium titanate (STO) layers, followed by intermixing the grain determining Sr‐rich STO seed layer, with the Ti‐rich STO top layer. The resulted stoichiometric SrTiO₃ would have a structure with less defects as demonstrated by internal photoemission experiments. Consequently, the leakage current density is lower compared to Sr‐rich STO which allow further equivalent oxide thickness downscaling.

Schematic of MIMCAP with stoichiometric STO dielectric formed from bottom Sr‐rich STO and top Ti‐rich STO after intermixing during crystallization anneal.     

Embedology

Mathematical formulations of the embedding methods commonly used for the reconstruction of attractors from data series are discussed. Embedding theorems, based on previous work by H. Whitney and F. Takens, are established for compact subsetsA of Euclidean space R^k. Ifn is an integer larger than twice the box-counting dimension ofA, then almost every map fromR ^k toR ⁿ , in the sense of prevalence, is one-to-one onA, and moreover is an embedding on smooth manifolds contained withinA. IfA is a chaotic attractor of a typical dynamical system, then the same is true for almost everydelay-coordinate map fromR ^k toR ⁿ . These results are extended in two other directions. Similar results are proved in the more general case of reconstructions which use moving averages of delay coordinates. Second, information is given on the self-intersection set that exists whenn is less than or equal to twice the box-counting dimension ofA.     

On the construction and Malliavin differentiability of solutions of Lévy noise driven SDE's with singular coefficients

In this paper we introduce a new technique to construct unique strong solutions of SDE's with singular coefficients driven by certain Lévy processes. Our method which is based on Malliavin calculus does not rely on a pathwise uniqueness argument. Furthermore, the approach, which provides a direct construction principle, grants the additional insight that the obtained solutions are Malliavin differentiable.