A true random number generator based on the photon arrival time registered in a coincidence window between two single-photon counting modules

True random number generators are essential components for communications to be confidentially secured. In this paper a new method is proposed to generate random sequences of numbers based on the difference of the arrival times of photons detected in a coincidence window between two single-photon counting modules.     

Creating Very True Quantum Algorithms for Quantum Energy Based Computing

An interpretation of quantum mechanics is discussed. It is assumed that quantum is energy. An algorithm by means of the energy interpretation is discussed. An algorithm, based on the energy interpretation, for fast determining a homogeneous linear function f(x) := s.x = s ₁ x ₁ + s ₂ x ₂ + ? + s _N x _N is proposed. Here x = (x ₁, … , x _N ), x _j ∈ R and the coefficients s = (s ₁, … , s _N ), s _j ∈ N. Given the interpolation values \((f(1), f(2),...,f(N))=\vec {y}\), the unknown coefficients \(s = (s_{1}(\vec {y}),\dots , s_{N}(\vec {y}))\) of the linear function shall be determined, simultaneously. The speed of determining the values is shown to outperform the classical case by a factor of N. Our method is based on the generalized Bernstein-Vazirani algorithm to qudit systems. Next, by using M parallel quantum systems, M homogeneous linear functions are determined, simultaneously. The speed of obtaining the set of M homogeneous linear functions is shown to outperform the classical case by a factor of N × M.     

New Method of Calculating a Multiplication by using the Generalized Bernstein-Vazirani Algorithm

We present a new method of more speedily calculating a multiplication by using the generalized Bernstein-Vazirani algorithm and many parallel quantum systems. Given the set of real values \(\{a_{1},a_{2},a_{3},\ldots ,a_{N}\}\) and a function \(g:\textbf {R}\rightarrow \{0,1\}\), we shall determine the following values \(\{g(a_{1}),g(a_{2}),g(a_{3}),\ldots , g(a_{N})\}\) simultaneously. The speed of determining the values is shown to outperform the classical case by a factor of \(N\). Next, we consider it as a number in binary representation; M₁ = (g(a₁),g(a₂),g(a₃),…,g(a _N )). By using \(M\) parallel quantum systems, we have \(M\) numbers in binary representation, simultaneously. The speed of obtaining the \(M\) numbers is shown to outperform the classical case by a factor of \(M\). Finally, we calculate the product; \( M_{1}\times M_{2}\times \cdots \times M_{M}. \) The speed of obtaining the product is shown to outperform the classical case by a factor of N × M.     

Thermally Radiative Rotating Magneto-Nanofluid Flow over an Exponential Sheet with Heat Generation and Viscous Dissipation:A Comparative Study

This article examines a mathematical model to analyze the rotating flow of three-dimensional water based nanofluid over a convectively heated exponentially stretching sheet in the presence of transverse magnetic field with additional effects of thermal radiation,Joule heating and viscous dissipation.Silver(Ag),copper(Cu),copper oxide(Cu O),aluminum oxide(Al_2O_3)and titanium dioxide(Ti O_2)have been taken under consideration as the nanoparticles and water(H_2O)as the base fluid.Using suitable similarity transformations,the governing partial differential equations(PDEs)of the modeled problem are transformed to the ordinary differential equations(ODEs).These ODEs are then solved numerically by applying the shooting method.For the particular situation,the results are compared with the available literature.The effects of different nanoparticles on the temperature distribution are also discussed graphically and numerically.It is witnessed that the skin friction coefficient is maximum for silver based nanofluid.Also,the velocity profile is found to diminish for the increasing values of the magnetic parameter.     

Numerical Study of Mixed Convective Peristaltic Flow through Vertical Tube with Heat Generation for Moderate Reynolds and Wave Numbers

The current study focuses on the numerical investigation of the mixed convective peristaltic mechanism through a vertical tube for non-zero Reynolds and wave number. In the set of constitutional equations, energy equation contains the term representing heat generation parameter. The problem is formulated by dropping the assumption of lubrication theory that turns the model mathematically into a system of the nonlinear partial differential equations. The results of the long wavelength in a creeping flow are deduced from the present analysis. Thus, the current study explores the neglected features of peristaltic heat flow in the mixed convective model by considering moderate values of Reynolds and wave numbers. The finite element based on Galerkin's weighted residual scheme is applied to solve the governing equations. The computed solution is presented in the form of contours of streamlines and isothermal lines, velocity and temperature profiles for variation of different involved parameters. The investigation shows that the strength of circulation for stream function increases by increasing the wave number and Reynolds number. Symmetric isotherms are reported for small values of time-mean flow. Linear behavior of pressure is noticed by vanishing inertial forces while the increase in pressure is observed by amplifying the Reynolds number.     

Numerical analysis of electronic conductivity in graphene with resonant adsorbates: comparison of monolayer and Bernal bilayer

We describe the electronic conductivity, as a function of the Fermi energy, in the Bernal bilayer graphene (BLG) in presence of a random distribution of vacancies that simulate resonant adsorbates. We compare it to monolayer (MLG) with the same defect concentrations. These transport properties are related to the values of fundamental length scales such as the elastic mean free path L _e , the localization length ξ and the inelastic mean free path L _i . Usually the later, which reflect the effect of inelastic scattering by phonons, strongly depends on temperature T. In BLG an additional characteristic distance l ₁ exists which is the typical traveling distance between two interlayer hopping events. We find that when the concentration of defects is smaller than 1%–2%, one has l ₁ ≤ L _e ? ξ and the BLG has transport properties that differ from those of the MLG independently of L _i (T). Whereas for larger concentration of defects L _e <l ₁ ? ξ, and depending on L _i (T), the transport in the BLG can be equivalent (or not) to that of two decoupled MLG. We compare two tight-binding model Hamiltonians with and without hopping beyond the nearest neighbors.     

On multi-term fractional differential equations with multi-point boundary conditions

In this paper, we discuss the existence and uniqueness of solutions for a new class of multi-point boundary value problems of multi-term fractional differential equations by using standard fixed point theorems. We also demonstrate the application of the obtained results with the aid of examples. The paper concludes with the study of multi-term fractional integro-differential equations supplemented with multi-point boundary conditions. Our results are new and contribute significantly to the existing literature on the topic.     

An Efficient Strategy for Enhancing the Adsorption of Antibiotics and Drugs from Aqueous Solutions Using an Effective Limestone-Activated Carbon–Alginate Nanocomposite

Based on the adsorption performance of a porous nanocomposite with limestone (LS), activated carbon (AC) and sodium alginate (SG), a unique, multifunctional LS–AC–SG nanocomposite absorbent was designed and prepared for extracting antibiotics and drugs from aqueous solutions. The composite exhibited the following advantages: quick and simple to prepare, multifunctionality and high efficiency. Amoxicillin (AMX) and diclofenac (DCF) were chosen as the conventional antibiotic and the drug, respectively. The prepared nanocomposite’s physicochemical characteristics were calculated through numerous characterization methods. The structure of the surface was made up of interconnected pores that can easily confine pollutants. The surface area was measured to be 27.85 m²/g through BET analysis. The results show that the maximum absorption capacity of amoxicillin and diclofenac was 99.6% and 98.4%, respectively, at a contact time of 40 min. The maximum removal of amoxicillin and diclofenac was reached at pH = 2. Adsorption analysis revealed that adsorption isotherm and kinetic data matched the pseudo-first-order kinetic and the Langmuir isotherm models. The results imply that the synthesized nanocomposites have the capacity to remove amoxicillin (AMX) and diclofenac (DCF) from aqueous solutions.     

Efficient and practical method for the synthesis of hydrophobic azines as liquid crystalline materials

A series of hydrophobic symmetrical azines: 1,2-bis[4-(n-alkoxy)benzylidene]hydrazine (where, n-alkoxy: O(CH₂)_nH, n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 16, or 18) have been prepared following an efficient and practical method. These compounds have been synthesized via the condensation reaction of hydrazine hydrate and appropriately 4-(n-alkoxy) benzaldehydes in acidic medium under ambient conditions. The prepared organic compounds have been characterized and their structures were elucidated depending upon micro-elemental analysis and spectral data (IR, UV-Vis, ¹HNMR, ¹³C{¹H}NMR, 2D ¹H-¹H-cozy, 2D ¹H-¹³C-HSQC, and mass spectra). Liquid crystalline behavior of the prepared compounds was studied using polarized light optical microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry techniques. This study revealed that all the compounds displayed enantiotropic liquid crystal properties, exhibiting smectic and nematic mesophases.