Effect of Mg doping on morphology,photocatalytic activity and related biological properties of Zn1−xMgxO nanoparticles

The objective of this study is to synthesize ZnO and Mg doped ZnO (Zn_1−xMg_xO) nanoparticles via the sol-gel method, and characterize their structures and to investigate their biological properties such as antibacterial activity and hemolytic potential.Nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized by the sol-gel method using zinc acetate dihydrate (Zn(CH₃COO)₂.2H₂O) and magnesium acetate tetrahydrate (Mg(CH₃COO)₂.4H₂O) as precursors. Methanol and monoethanolamine were used as solvent and sol stabilizer, respectively. Structural and morphological characterizations of Zn_1−xMg_xO nanoparticles were studied by using XRD and SEM-EDX, respectively. Photocatalytic activities of ZnO and selected Mg-doped ZnO (Zn_1−xMg_xO) nanoparticles were investigated by degradation of methylene blue (MeB). Results indicated that Mg doping (both 10% and 30%) to the ZnO nanoparticles enhanced the photocatalytic activity and a little amount of Zn0.90 Mg0.10 O photocatalyst (1.0 mg/mL) degraded MeB with 99% efficiency after 24 h of irradiation under ambient visible light. Antibacterial activity of nanoparticles versus Escherichia coli ( E. coli ) was determined by the standard plate count method. Hemolytic activities of the NPs were studied by hemolysis tests using human erythrocytes. XRD data proved that the average particle size of nanoparticles was around 30 nm. Moreover, the XRD results indicatedthat the patterns of Mg doped ZnO nanoparticles related to ZnO hexagonal wurtzite structure had no secondary phase for x ≤ 0.2 concentration. For 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.02, NPs showed a concentration dependent antibacterial activity against E. coli . While Zn_0.90Mg_0.10 O totally inhibited the growth of E. coli , upper and lower dopant concentrations did not show antibacterial activity.     

Synthesis of phosphinodiselenoic acid esters and their application as RAFT agents in styrene polymerization

Phosphinodiselenoic acid esters are synthesized from the reaction of chlorodiphenylphosphine and aryl- or alkyl-magnesium bromide in the presence of selenium powder. They are employed as RAFT agents in thermally initiated, styrene polymerization. The phosphinodiselenoic acid esters 6a and 6b showed some degree of control over the radical polymerization of styrene.     

Acetone–Butanol–Ethanol Production from Waste Seaweed Collected from Gwangalli Beach,Busan, Korea,Based on pH-Controlled and Sequential Fermentation Using Two Strains

The optimal conditions for acetone–butanol–ethanol (ABE) production were evaluated using waste seaweed from Gwangalli Beach, Busan, Korea. The waste seaweed had a fiber and carbohydrate, content of 48.34%; these are the main resources for ABE production. The optimal conditions for obtaining monosaccharides based on hyper thermal (HT) acid hydrolysis of waste seaweed were slurry contents of 8%, sulfuric acid concentration of 138 mM, and treatment time of 10 min. Enzymatic saccharification was performed using 16 unit/mL Viscozyme L, which showed the highest affinity (K_m?=?1.81 g/L). After pretreatment, 34.0 g/L monosaccharides were obtained. ABE fermentation was performed with single and sequential fermentation of Clostridium acetobutylicum and Clostridium tyrobutyricum; this was controlled for pH. A maximum ABE concentration of 12.5 g/L with Y_ABE 0.37 was achieved using sequential fermentation with C. tyrobutyricum and C. acetobutylicum. Efficient ABE production from waste seaweed performed using pH-controlled culture broth and sequential cell culture.     

钕玻璃的光泵感应热畸变

本文对钕玻璃的光泵感应热畸变作了理论分析,给出了光泵感应热畸变与钕玻璃热光性质的关系,并对高重复率脉冲器件和单次脉冲器件作了热畸变的定量测量,实验结果在一定程度上与理论分析相符。     

Production of biodiesel fuel by transesterification of rapeseed oil

Fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) show large potential applications as diesel substitutes, also known as biodiesel fuel. Biodiesel fuel as renewable energy is an alternative that can reduce energy dependence on petroleum as well as air pollution. Several processes for the production of biodiesel fuel have been developed. Transesterification processes under alkali catalysis with short-chain alcohols give high yields of methyl esters in short reaction times. We investigated transesterification of rapeseed oil to produce the FAMEs. Experimental reaction conditions were molar ratio of oil to alcohol, concentration of catalyst, type of catalyst, reaction time, and temperature. The conversion ratio of rapeseed oil was enhanced by the alcohol:oil mixing ratio and the reaction temperature.     

Preparation of polystyrene nanoparticles including fluorescent and hydrophobic materials by polymerization at phase inversion temperature

The polystyrene nanoparticles incorporating hydrophobic and fluorescent pyrene was successfully prepared by a direct polymerization at phase inversion temperature. The average diameter of the prepared polystyrene nanoparticles is around 30 nm or less: 22 nm. This preparation does not require any strong agitation, which is necessary for the usual mini‐emulsion polymerization, and does not need the large amount of surfactant as much as the usual microemulsion polymerization. The incorporation of pyrene in the prepared polystyrene particles was confirmed by fluorescence spectra. This developed method is superior to the addition of pyrene to polystyrene particles prepared, which causes large coagulum and gives polystyrene particles with lower weight fraction of pyrene. The developed method is expected to be applicable for preparation of polymer particles including various hydrophobic materials. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Synthesis and Performance of High Efficiency Cosurfactants: 2. Commercial Variants

Commercially viable cosurfactant species of enhanced surface activity were used to formulate middle phase microemulsions. These cosurfactants were made from butanol, with randomly added equal weights of ethoxylate (EO) and propoxylate (PO) groups, to give a wide variation in molecular weight. It was found that cosurfactant requirements for microemulsion formation with the highest molecular weight compound studied was reduced more than an order of magnitude when compared to 2-butanol.     

Copper-catalyzed, one-pot, three-component synthesis of benzimidazoles by condensation and C-N bond formation

Benzimidazoles were synthesized by the copper-catalyzed, one-pot, three-component reaction of 2-haloanilines, aldehydes, and NaN(3). The reaction was optimized when 2-iodo- or 2-bromoanilines (1.0 equiv), aldehydes (1.2 equiv), NaN(3) (2.0 equiv), 5 mol% of CuCl, and 5 mol % of TMEDA were reacted in DMSO at 120 °C for 12 h. Good yields resulted, and the reaction showed tolerance toward functional groups such as ester, nitro, and chloro. Aliphatic and heteroaromatic aldehydes also afforded the desired products in moderate to good yields.     

Bioethanol Production Using Waste Seaweed Obtained from Gwangalli Beach,Busan, Korea by Co-culture of Yeasts with Adaptive Evolution

Conditions for ethanol production were evaluated using waste seaweed obtained from Gwangalli beach, Busan, Korea, after strong winds on January 15, 2015. Eleven types of seaweed were identified, and the proportions of red, brown, and green seaweed wastes were 26, 46, and 28%, respectively. Optimal pretreatment conditions were determined as 8% slurry content, 286 mM H₂SO₄ for 90 min at 121 °C. Enzymatic saccharification with 16 units/mL Celluclast 1.5L and Viscozyme L mixture at 45 °C for 48 h was carried out as optimal condition. A maximum monosaccharide concentration of 30.2 g/L was obtained and used to produce ethanol. Fermentation was performed with single or mixed yeasts of non-adapted and adapted Saccharomyces cerevisiae KCTC 1126 and Pichia angophorae KCTC 17574 to galactose and mannitol, respectively. The maximum ethanol concentration and yield of 13.5 g/L and Y_EtOH of 0.45 were obtained using co-culture of adapted S. cerevisiae and P. angophorae.