Optical solitons and modulation instability analysis of the (1+1)-dimensional coupled nonlinear Schrödinger equation

This study successfully reveals the dark, singular solitons, periodic wave and singular periodic wave solutions of the (1+1)-dimensional coupled nonlinear Schrödinger equation by using the extended rational sine-cosine and rational sinh-cosh methods. The modulation instability analysis of the governing model is presented. By using the suitable values of the parameters involved, the 2-, 3-dimensional and the contour graphs of some of the reported solutions are plotted.     

Oligosaccharides might contribute to the antidiabetic effect of honey: a review of the literature

Evidence shows that honey improves glycemic control in diabetes mellitus. Besides its hypoglycemic effect, studies indicate that honey ameliorates lipid abnormalities in rats and humans with diabetes. The majority of these studies do not examine the mechanisms by which honey ameliorates glycemic and/or lipid derangements. The gut microbiota is now recognized for its ability to increase energy harvest from the diet and alter lipid metabolism of the host. Recently available data implicate a causal role of these gut microbes in the pathophysiology of obesity, insulin resistance, and diabetes mellitus. In this review, we present some of the latest findings linking gut microbiota to pathogenesis of obesity, insulin resistance, and diabetes mellitus. The review also underlines data that demonstrate the beneficial effects of oligosaccharides on various abnormalities commonly associated with these disorders. Based on the similarities of some of these findings with those of honey, together with the evidence that honey contains oligosaccharides, we hypothesize that oligosaccharides present in honey might contribute to the antidiabetic and other health-related beneficial effects of honey. We anticipate that the possibility of oligosaccharides in honey contributing to the antidiabetic and other health-related effects of honey will stimulate a renewed research interest in this field.     

TDDFT studies of electronic structure and first hyperpolarizability of terta-nuclear cubane-like transition metal clusters

The TDDFT method is first applied in a series of tetra-nuclear transition metal clusters studies for nonlinear optical properties. The results indicate that the charge transfer inside the metal core [MCu3X4] (M=W, Mo; X=S, O, Cl, Se, Br) makes contribution to the optical nonlinearity. It is possible to enhance the hyperpolarizability by substituting the ligands of the clusters.     

Transformation of Acetaminophen by Dichromate Oxidation Produces the Toxicants 1,4-Benzoquinone and Ammonium Ions

The reaction of the common pain reliever acetaminophen (paracetamol, 4-acetamidophenol) with dichromate was investigated over time under conditions that simulate wastewater disinfection. The occurrence of the acetaminophen in the water bodies, especially in drinking water resources, has received considerable attentions. In situ chemical oxidation is a promising cost-effective treatment method to remove acetaminophen from water body as it degrades the drug to large extent. Experimental results indicate that the reaction is second order overall and first order with respect to both dichromate and acetaminophen, and has activation energy of 14.1 kJ/mol. The second-order rate constant ranges from 1.56 × 10^?3 to 13.4 × 10^?3 min^?1 at temperature from 35 to 65°C. The acetaminophen degradation rates can be accelerated through increasing reaction temperature and oxidant concentration. The reaction under acid conditions was slightly faster than under alkaline or neutral conditions. Two of the products were unequivocally identified as the toxic compounds 1,4-benzoquinone and ammonium ions. These results demonstrate that acetaminophen is likely to be transformed significantly into toxic product if dichromate is used as an oxidizing agent during wastewater treatment.     

Adsorption of Copper (II) Ions onto Surfactant-Modified Oil Palm Leaf Powder

Il palm leaf powder (OPLP), an agricultural solid waste was used as adsorbent for the removal of copper (II) ions after modification with an anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS), CH₃(CH₂)₁₁C₆H₄SO₃Na. The copper (II) ions adsorption is highly dependent on pH and maximum removal was observed at pH 6, above which copper (II) started to precipitate. The equilibrium adsorption data were fitted into the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The Freundlich isotherm model fitted well to data with 0.989 regression coefficient (R²). The kinetics of the adsorption of copper (II) ions onto the surfactant-modified OPLP was best described by a pseudo-second-order model. Comparison of this SDBS-modified-OPLP to previously investigated adsorbents showed comparably good result, offering this material as a promising adsorbent for the treatment of waste waters containing lower concentrations of copper (II) ions.     

Synthesis of Copper Oxide-Based Nanoformulations of Etoricoxib and Montelukast and Their Evaluation through Analgesic,Anti-Inflammatory,Anti-Pyretic,and Acute Toxicity Activities

Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) were synthesized through the coprecipitation method and used as nanocarriers for etoricoxib (selective COX-2 inhibitor drug) and montelukast (leukotriene product inhibitor drug) in combination therapy. The CuO NPs, free drugs, and nanoformulations were investigated through UV/Vis spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, XRD, SEM, and DLS. SEM imaging showed agglomerated nanorods of CuO NPs of about 87 nm size. The CE1, CE2, and CE6 nanoformulations were investigated through DLS, and their particle sizes were 271, 258, and 254 nm, respectively. The nanoformulations were evaluated through in vitro anti-inflammatory activity, in vivo anti-inflammatory activity, in vivo analgesic activity, in vivo anti-pyretic activity, and in vivo acute toxicity activity. In vivo activities were performed on albino mice. BSA denaturation was highly inhibited by CE1, CE2, and CE6 as compared to other nanoformulations in the in vitro anti-inflammatory activity. The in vivo bioactivities showed that low doses (5 mg/kg) of nanoformulations were more potent than high doses (10 and 20 mg/kg) of free drugs in the inhibition of pain, fever, and inflammation. Lastly, CE2 was more potent than that of other nanoformulations.     

Effect of Sodium Dodecylbenzenesulfonate on the Association Behavior of Promethazine Hydrochloride in Aqueous/Electrolyte Solutions at Different Temperatures

The interaction between the amphiphilic phenothiazine drug promethazine hydrochloride (PMT) and an anionic surfactant sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate has been investigated using the conductometric technique in the absence and presence of an inorganic salt (50 mmol·kg^?1 NaCl) at five different compositions and temperatures. PMT is employed for the cure of allergic symptoms. Different physicochemical parameters such as critical micellar concentration (cmc), thermodynamic, and micellar composition are evaluated and discussed in detail using regular solution theory (RST). The addition of salt decreased the surface charge of micelles, lowering the cmc values of the amphiphile. The interaction parameter (β) is negative at all temperatures and compositions indicating attractive interactions. Due to the presence of NaCl in mixed systems the attractive interaction (β) was further increased (β values more negative). The negative values of Gibbs energy (\( \Delta G^{0}_{\text{m}} \)) of mixing revealed the stability of the solution. Owing to the presence of NaCl, the \( \Delta G^{0}_{\text{m}} \) values are found to be more negative suggesting that the driving force for interaction was significantly increased and micellization more thermodynamically favorable.     

相对论重离子碰撞中Λ粒子产生和Λ/p比率

利用强子输运–弦碎裂模型研究了200A GeV重离子碰撞中Λ多重产生和Λ/p比率.研究了它们随反应系统大小和碰撞中心度的变化.研究表明Λ和p多重数都随反应系统增大和随碰撞中心度提高而增大,但它们的比率基本保持不变.Λ的湮没截面大小变化对Λ的多重数产生有一定影响,但对Λ/p比率影响不大.结果很好地再现了pp反应中Λ/p比率.并获得这一比率在AA反应中是pp反应中的3—5倍.     

Locations of implanted 19F* atoms in Si,Ge and diamond studied through their nuclear quadrupole interactions

The Hartree-Fock cluster procedure was used to obtain the associated electronic distributions for ¹⁹F^* (I = 5/2, E ^x = 197 KeV excited nuclear state of the ¹⁹F atom) at possible sites in crystalline Si, Ge and diamond and to calculate nuclear quadrupole coupling constants v _Q and the asymmetry parameter η of the electric field gradient at the modelled sites. Lattice relaxation effects have been incorporated by employing a geometry optimization method to obtain minimum energy configurations for the clusters modelling each site. The intrabond (IB), antibonding (AB) and substitutional (S) sites in the bulk and the atop site on the surface were studied. From a comparison with v _Q and η values observed in time differential perturbed angular distribution (TDPAD) measurements we were able to identify the high frequency component in Si and Ge with ¹⁹F^* at the intrabond site. In diamond two high frequency components are observed. These are identified with ¹⁹F^* at intrabond and substitutional sites. For the low frequency site in Si and Ge the assignment is made to ¹⁹F^* implants at dangling bonds in the bulk resulting from implantation damage. In diamond none of the sites studied could provide lower frequency nuclear quadrupole parameters close to the observed ones. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Evaluation of current and temperature effects on optical performance of InGaAlP thin-film SMD LED mounted on different substrate packages

The relationship between the photometric, electric, and thermal parameters of light-emitting diodes(LEDs) is important for optimizing the LED illumination design. Indium gallium aluminium phosphide(InGaAlP)-based thin-film surface-mounted device(SMD) LEDs have attracted wide attention in research and development due to their portability and miniaturization. We report the optical characterization of InGaAlP thin-film SMD LED mounted on FR4, 2 W, and 5 W aluminum(Al) packages. The optical and thermal parameters of LED are determined at different injection currents and ambient temperatures by combining the T3ster(thermal transient tester) and TeraL ED(thermal and radiometric characterization of power LEDs) systems. Analysis shows that LED on a 5 W Al substrate package obtains the highest luminous and optical efficiency.