美国中学科学教育改革的一些情况和问题

1990年6月,美国《化学和工程》新闻中发表了一篇正题为“革命之风席卷科学教育”,副题为“作为造成人才渠道上的危机和大众素养问题的回答,包括化学在内的科学教育在作较大的调整”一文。这篇文章介绍了美国培养科学人才上的危机,科学教育,特别是化学教育上存在的问题发生这些问题的原因,解决这些问题的办法和建议以及政府、国家科学基金会、各个学会(特别是美国化学会)以及商业界在解决这些问题上应起的作用,等等。本编译稿是根据这篇文章的内容整理而成的,着重介绍有关中学科学教育、包括中学化学教育的一些情况和问题。     

对DSC单峰纯度测定法的评述

指出了当前流行的差示扫描量热法DSC单峰法测样品纯度所基于的假定有一些不确切的地方,并用计算机动态摸拟了DSC实验过程,结果证实了本文的论断。     

Zn—TppS4极谱络合物吸附波的研究：中草药天麻,川芎,当归中锌的测定

锌是人体必需的微量元素之一。它具有重要的生理功能和营养作用,是合成脱氧核糖核酸(DNA),核糖核酸(RNA)和蛋白质必需的金属离子。锌是DNA,RNA聚合酶等80多种酶的组成成分及激剂,直接影响细胞代谢,免疫过程,细胞分裂和再生。最近美国有人提出缺     

Structure and dynamics of metallomacrocycles: recognition of zinc xylyl-bicyclam by an HIV coreceptor

As platforms for the design of metal-based therapeutic and diagnostic agents, macrocycles are rigid enough to provide strong metal binding sites and orient functional groups stereoselectively, yet flexible enough to accommodate structural changes required for induced-fit recognition of biological targets. We consider the recognition of the Zn(II) complex of the bis-tetraazamacrocycle xylyl-bicyclam, a potent anti-HIV agent, by the coreceptor CXCR4, a G-protein-coupled receptor used by HIV for membrane fusion and cell entry. NMR studies show that the macrocycles of Zn(II)(2)-xylyl-bicyclam perchlorate exist in aqueous solution as two major configurations, trans-I (nitrogen chirality R,S,R,S), and trans-III (S,S,R,R). Acetate addition induced a major structural change. X-ray crystallography shows that the acetate complex contains the unusual cis-V cyclam configuration (R,R,R,R and folded) with bidentate coordination of acetate to Zn(II) plus second-coordination-sphere double H-bond formation between diagonal NH protons on the opposite cyclam face and acetate carboxylate oxygens. Detailed 1D and 2D NMR studies show that the major configuration of Zn(II)(2)-xylyl-bicyclam acetate in aqueous solution is cis-V/trans-I. Molecular modeling shows that an analogous cis-V site can be formed when Zn(II)(2)-xylyl-bicyclam binds to CXCR4, involving the carboxylate groups of Asp262 (Zn(II) coordination) and Glu288 (double H-bonding). The second cyclam can adopt the trans-I (or trans-III) configuration with Zn(II) binding to Asp171. These interactions are consistent with the known structure-activity relationships for bicyclam anti-HIV activity and receptor mutation. Consideration of the anti-HIV activity of xylyl-bicyclam complexes of other metal ions suggests that affinity for carboxylates, configurational flexibility, and kinetic factors may all play roles in receptor recognition. For example, Pd(II) cyclam complexes interact only weakly with axial ligands and are inflexible and inactive, whereas Co(III) cyclams bind carboxylates strongly, are configurationally flexible, and yet have low activity. Our findings should aid the design of new generations of active macrocycles including highly specific chemokine receptor antagonists.     

Formation of concentration gradient and its application to DNA capillary electrophoresis

A new method to introduce the concentration gradient into the capillary has been developed and its application to DNA capillary electrophoresis is presented. The concentration gradient produced by mixing 5% w/v polyacrylamide-co-poly(N-dimethylacrylamide) (PAM-co-PDMA) solution and 1 x Tris/N-tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl-3-amino-propanesulfonic acid/EDTA (TT) + 5 M urea buffer was successfully achieved by using two programmable syringe pumps with strict control of dead volume, flow rate, and pressure balance. This method has the advantages of high stability, reproducibility, and versatility. The column with concentration gradient greatly improved the resolution, especially for the large DNA fragments, due to a decrease in band width broadening with time. A column containing 2-4% w/v gradient in four steps had a longer read length, shorter separation time and better resolution (after 380 base) than that of 4% w/v single concentration polymer solution. The number of steps in the gradient had almost no effect on the performance. The change in the average concentration by relocating the position of the same step gradient, i.e., a combination of different low concentration to high concentration polymer solution ratios, resulted in a different migration time, read length and resolution.     

Synthesis of Monoclinic Form of Gd2-xNaxCuO4 by Direct Precipitation from Molten Salt

Gd,-.Na.CuO#, an interesting compound with complex magnetic behavior, has beensynthesized by a PbO-based flux method (l) and a solid state reaction (2) at temperaturesabout 1000"C. Its X-ray diffraction pattern has been indexed with tetragonal latticeparameters (l,3). Here we report a low temperature synthetic route in which the newmonoclinic form of Gd,-.Na.CuO# is obtained directly by precipitation from a moltenKOH/NaOH/KNO, solution. The SEM, EDX, XRD, XPS and magnetic characte…     

Molecular Dynamic Study for Chiral Discrimination of α-Phenylethylamine by Modified Cyclodextrin in Gas Chromatography

IntroductionAfter the introduction of modified cyclodextrins (CDs) as a new type ofchiral stationaryphases, great progress has been made in enantioselective gas chromatography, which hasraised many questions about the mechanism of chiral recognition and intermolecularinteractionsl. Theoretical computational methods in conjunction with modellingprocedures have been extensively used to investigate the nature of binding processesresponsible for inclusion complex formation2'3. It is of interest t…     

溶胶凝胶法制备全丙基-β-环糊精毛细管气相色谱柱

用溶胶凝胶法制备了全丙基—β—CD毛细管气相色谱柱。研究了对色谱柱性能影响的因素;确定了制备全丙基—β—CD毛细管气相色谱柱的最佳涂渍工艺条件,即固定相在溶胶反应液中的浓度控制在0．120—0．150kg/L,三氟乙酸用量0．05mL,二氯甲烷0．8mL,反应物在反应容器内搅拌反应时间为40min左右,通入柱子后的反应时间约为30min左右,可得到性能优越的毛细管柱。进行了各种条件下此类色谱柱性能的比较。     

中药色谱指纹图谱组分保留时间漂移的校准

基于光谱相关色谱方法判断复杂中药色谱指纹图谱的组分相关性,实现同一中药样本在不同实验条件下所得的色谱指纹图谱的相同组分的色谱保留时间漂移的局部最小二乘校正,为合理评价指纹图谱的品质提供较为实用的工具。     

反相高效液相色谱/电喷雾质谱法分析化学合成七肽粗产物

利用RP—HPLC／ESI—MS直接分析用芴甲氧羰基(Fmoc)固相多肽合成方法在PHB树脂上偶联合成的一个七肽(H2N—Tyr—Val—Asn-Thr-Asn—Met—Gly—COOH,Mr797．3)粗产物。RP—HPLC显示合成粗产物含有1个主成分,4个次要成分和多个微量成分;与之联用的电喷雾质谱则同步准确地测定出各成分的分子量(m／z)并自动对各主要成分的化学结构进行了串联质谱分析。结果证明,粗产物中的主成分即为目标七肽,另外几个主要副产物为七肽的氧化产物或残缺肽。