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71.
There is currently significant interest in all-ceramic dental restorations due to the demand to replace metals as the primary load-bearing tooth restorative material. A promising non-metallic material for such restorations is fluorcanasite, a chain-silicate glass-ceramic that is castable using conventional dental metal-casting techniques and which exhibits enhanced fracture toughness and flexural strength compared with currently available resin-bonded ceramics. Unfortunately, because of its relatively low silica content, it exhibits poor chemical durability. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of compositional changes on the formation and chemical solubility of the fluorcanasite forming glass, crystalline phase and residual glass. To this end, mixed-alkali compositions have been investigated and it has been shown that the solubility of the glass is a function of the alkali species present in the glass. By changing the alkali ratio of the fluorcanasite forming glass from 0.33 ([K]/[K + Na]) of the base composition derived from stoichiometry to 0.47, it was possible to reduce the chemical solubility of the fluorcanasite material significantly. The addition of extra CaF2 to refine the grain structure resulted in a decrease in the durability of the material, making it currently unacceptable for dental applications. The glass-ceramic exhibits a minimum chemical solubility at the composition K7/Na8. The residual glass may have a slightly elevated K content compared to the original glass. The addition of extra CaF2 to refine the grain structure resulted in an unacceptable decrease in the durability of the material. 相似文献
72.
G. M. Chechin O. A. Lavrova V. P. Sakhnenko H. T. Stokes D. M. Hatch 《Physics of the Solid State》2002,44(3):581-584
A new type of nonlinear (anharmonic) excitations—bushes of vibrational modes—in physical systems with point or space symmetry is discussed. All infrared-active and Raman-active bushes for C60 fullerene are found by means of special group-theoretical methods. 相似文献
73.
Abbasi RU Abu-Zayyad T Amann JF Archbold G Bellido JA Belov K Belz JW Bergman DR Cao Z Clay RW Cooper MD Dai H Dawson BR Everett AA Fedorova YA Girard JH Gray RC Hanlon WF Hoffman CM Holzscheiter MH Hüntemeyer P Jones BF Jui CC Kieda DB Kim K Kirn MA Loh EC Manago N Marek LJ Martens K Martin G Matthews JA Matthews JN Meyer JR Moore SA Morrison P Moosman AN Mumford JR Munro MW Painter CA Perera L Reil K Riehle R Roberts M Sarracino JS Sasaki M Schnetzer SR Shen P Simpson KM Sinnis G Smith JD 《Physical review letters》2004,92(15):151101
We have measured the cosmic ray spectrum above 10(17.2) eV using the two air-fluorescence detectors of the High Resolution Fly's Eye observatory operating in monocular mode. We describe the detector, phototube, and atmospheric calibrations, as well as the analysis techniques for the two detectors. We fit the spectrum to a model consisting of galactic and extragalactic sources. 相似文献
74.
Trinkle DR Hennig RG Srinivasan SG Hatch DM Jones MD Stokes HT Albers RC Wilkins JW 《Physical review letters》2003,91(2):025701
We propose a new direct mechanism for the pressure driven alpha-->omega martensitic transformation in pure titanium. A systematic algorithm enumerates all possible pathways whose energy barriers are evaluated. A new, homogeneous pathway emerges with a barrier at least 4 times lower than other pathways. The pathway is shown to be favorable in any nucleation model. 相似文献
75.
Vijay K. Stokes 《Journal of sound and vibration》1974,35(1):77-99
An analytical and experimental programme was conducted to investigate the dynamic radial expansion of helical springs due to longitudinal impact.The basic equations of motion were normalized in such a way that terms of the same order could be retained in a systematic manner. A minimum complexity model was then developed by making suitable approximations in the resulting simplified equations of motion. Finally, an expression for the dynamic radial expansion was obtained, and it was shown to be the result of a two-wave interaction.Impact tests were made on a specially designed spring and the resulting motions recorded by using a high speed motion picture camera. The experimental results support the predictions of the theory. 相似文献
76.
77.
Soil water retention curves are a key constitutive law used to describe the physical behavior of an unsaturated soil. Various computational modeling techniques, that formulate retention curve models, are mostly based on existing soil databases, which rarely consider any effect of stress on the soil water retention. Such effects are crucial in the case of swelling soils. This study illustrates and explores the ability of computational intelligence-based genetic programming to formulate the mathematical relationship between the water content, in terms of degree of saturation, and two input variables, i.e., net stress and suction for three different soils (sand–kaolin mixture, Gaduk Silt and Firouzkouh clay). The predictions obtained from the proposed models are in good agreement with the experimental data. The parametric and sensitivity analysis conducted validates the robustness of our proposed model by unveiling important parameters and hidden non-linear relationships. 相似文献
78.
Radisic D Ko YJ Nilles JM Stokes ST Sevilla MD Rak J Bowen KH 《The Journal of chemical physics》2011,134(1):015101
The parent negative ions of 5-chlorouracil, UCl(-) and 5-fluorouracil, UF(-) have been studied using anion photoelectron spectroscopy in order to investigate the electrophilic properties of their corresponding neutral halouracils. The vertical detachment energies (VDE) of these anions and the adiabatic electron affinities (EA) of their neutral molecular counterparts are reported. These results are in good agreement with the results of previously published theoretical calculations. The VDE values for both UCl(-) and UF(-) and the EA values for their neutral molecular counterparts are much greater than the corresponding values for both anionic and neutral forms of canonical uracil and thymine. These results are consistent with the observation that DNA is more sensitive to radiation damage when thymine is replaced by halouracil. While we also attempted to prepare the parent anion of 5-bromouracil, UBr(-), we did not observe it, the mass spectrum exhibiting only Br(-) fragments, i.e., 5-bromouracil apparently underwent dissociative electron attachment. This observation is consistent with a previous assessment, suggesting that 5-bromouracil is the best radio-sensitizer among these three halo-nucleobases. 相似文献
79.
Jason R. Stokes Michael W. Boehm Stefan K. Baier 《Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science》2013,18(4):349-359
Texture and mouthfeel arising from the consumption of food and beverages are critical to consumer choice and acceptability. While the food structure design rules for many existing products have been well established, although not necessarily understood, the current drive to produce healthy consumer acceptable food and beverages is pushing products into a formulation space whereby these design rules no longer apply. Both subtle and large scale alterations to formulations can result in significant changes in texture and mouthfeel, even when measurable texture-related quantities such as rheology are the same. However, we are only able to predict sensations at the initial stages of consumption from knowledge of material properties of intact food.Research is now on going to develop strategies to capture the dynamic aspects of oral processing, including: from a sensory perspective, the recent development of Temporal Dominance Sensation; from a material science perspective, development of new in vitro techniques in thin film rheology and tribology as well as consideration of the multifaceted effect of saliva. While in vivo, ex vivo, imitative and empirical approaches to studying oral processing are very insightful, they either do not lend themselves to routine use or are too complex to be able to ascertain the mechanism for an observed behaviour or correlation with sensory. For these reasons, we consider that fundamental in vitro techniques are vital for rational design of food, provided they are designed appropriately to capture the important physics taking place during oral processing. We map the oral breakdown trajectory through 6 stages and suggest a dynamic multi-scale approach to capture underlying physics. The ultimate goal is to use fundamental insights and techniques to design new food and beverages that are healthy yet acceptable to consumers. 相似文献
80.
W V Summers D B Pisoni R H Bernacki R I Pedlow M A Stokes 《The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America》1988,84(3):917-928
Acoustical analyses were carried out on a set of utterances produced by two male speakers talking in quiet and in 80, 90, and 100 dB SPL of masking noise. In addition to replicating previous studies demonstrating increases in amplitude, duration, and vocal pitch while talking in noise, these analyses also found reliable differences in the formant frequencies and short-term spectra of vowels. Perceptual experiments were also conducted to assess the intelligibility of utterances produced in quiet and in noise when they were presented at equal S/N ratios for identification. In each experiment, utterances originally produced in noise were found to be more intelligible than utterances produced in the quiet. The results of the acoustic analyses showed clear and consistent differences in the acoustic-phonetic characteristics of speech produced in quiet versus noisy environments. Moreover, these accounts differences produced reliable effects on intelligibility. The findings are discussed in terms of: (1) the nature of the acoustic changes that taken place when speakers produce speech under adverse conditions such as noise, psychological stress, or high cognitive load: (2) the role of training and feedback in controlling and modifying a talker's speech to improve performance of current speech recognizers; and (3) the development of robust algorithms for recognition of speech in noise. 相似文献