全文获取类型
收费全文 | 3346篇 |
免费 | 200篇 |
国内免费 | 79篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 2289篇 |
晶体学 | 18篇 |
力学 | 85篇 |
综合类 | 2篇 |
数学 | 548篇 |
物理学 | 683篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 34篇 |
2022年 | 30篇 |
2021年 | 55篇 |
2020年 | 74篇 |
2019年 | 91篇 |
2018年 | 45篇 |
2017年 | 48篇 |
2016年 | 131篇 |
2015年 | 135篇 |
2014年 | 152篇 |
2013年 | 199篇 |
2012年 | 244篇 |
2011年 | 279篇 |
2010年 | 148篇 |
2009年 | 141篇 |
2008年 | 222篇 |
2007年 | 166篇 |
2006年 | 165篇 |
2005年 | 144篇 |
2004年 | 145篇 |
2003年 | 102篇 |
2002年 | 90篇 |
2001年 | 68篇 |
2000年 | 70篇 |
1999年 | 54篇 |
1998年 | 39篇 |
1997年 | 48篇 |
1996年 | 54篇 |
1995年 | 51篇 |
1994年 | 44篇 |
1993年 | 36篇 |
1992年 | 27篇 |
1991年 | 20篇 |
1990年 | 17篇 |
1989年 | 16篇 |
1988年 | 14篇 |
1987年 | 21篇 |
1986年 | 13篇 |
1985年 | 24篇 |
1984年 | 13篇 |
1983年 | 10篇 |
1982年 | 15篇 |
1981年 | 10篇 |
1980年 | 8篇 |
1978年 | 13篇 |
1977年 | 7篇 |
1976年 | 11篇 |
1975年 | 9篇 |
1973年 | 11篇 |
1971年 | 7篇 |
排序方式: 共有3625条查询结果,搜索用时 0 毫秒
141.
Vera M Leirer Christian Wienbruch Isabella Paul-Jordanov Stephan Kolassa Thomas Elbert Iris T Kolassa 《BMC neuroscience》2010,11(1):113
Background
The hippocampus is a brain region that is particularly affected by age-related morphological changes. It is generally assumed that a loss in hippocampal volume results in functional deficits that contribute to age-related cognitive decline. In a combined cross-sectional behavioural and magnetoencephalography (MEG) study we investigated whether hippocampal-associated neural current flow during a transverse patterning task - which requires learning relational associations between stimuli - correlates with age and whether it is modulated by cognitive competence. 相似文献142.
We study controllability of switched DAEs and formulate a definition of controllability in the behavioral sense. In order to characterize controllability for switched DAEs we first present new characterizations of controllability of non-switched DAEs based on the Wong-sequences. Afterwards a first result concerning the single-switch case is presented. (© 2014 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) 相似文献
143.
Taking into account softening effects in connection with conventional inelastic material models can cause ill-posed boundary value problems. These problems can be established by obtaining no unique solution for the resulting algebraic system or by having a strong mesh dependence of the numerical results. This is the consequence of losing ellipticity of the governing field equations. A possible approach to solve these problems is to introduce a non-local field function in the model which includes an internal material length scale. For this purpose a gradient-enhanced free energy function is used for the current continuum damage model from which two variational equations are resulting. Calculations with less effort can be achieved due to the enhancement of the free energy function in comparison to other approaches. The mentioned model is applied to a material with locally varying damage properties (yield limits). Furthermore, the model is able to describe crack propagation in cases of completely damaged material. Therewith, a matrix material including precipitates, such as carbides, is modeled. This allows to investigate ship screws, which usually exhibit the mentioned composition, with regard to the influence of cavitation. Cavitation describes the implosion of risen vapor bubbles, whereby the impact on screws causes heavy damages which can lead to a complete destruction. (© 2014 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) 相似文献
144.
Carsten Collon Stephan Eckhardt Joachim Rudolph 《Mathematical and Computer Modelling of Dynamical Systems: Methods, Tools and Applications in Engineering and Related Sciences》2013,19(5):455-469
The modelling of active magnetic bearings based on a network approach is considered. Unlike in the standard modelling approach, where a linearization of the current-force relation for the centred shaft position is used, network models permit to include the position dependence of the bearing force in the force model. This becomes necessary when model based controllers are used to stabilize a magnetically supported shaft in tracking applications. The approach is based on the well known application of network models to magnetic circuits. Further simplifying assumptions are discussed which allow one to obtain a network with a limited number of lumped parameters describing the magnetic behaviour of a magnetic bearing. The modelling of a combined radial and axial bearing serves as an example for the application of the proposed approach. Furthermore, the fitting of the network based model to measured characteristic force curves is discussed. In this context, a method for including saturation effects in the model is sketched. 相似文献
145.
Irreversibility of a quantum walk induced by controllable decoherence employing random unitary operations 下载免费PDF全文
Quantum walk is different from random walk in reversibility and interference. Observation of the reduced re- versibility in a realistic quantum walk is of scientific interest in understanding the unique quantum behavior. We propose an idea to experimentally investigate the decoherence-induced irreversibility of quantum walks with trapped ions in phase space via the average fidelity decay. By introducing two controllable decoherence sources, i.e., the phase damping channel (i.e., dephasing) and the high temperature amplitude reservoir (i.e., dissipation), in the intervals between the steps of quantum walk, we find that the high temperature amplitude reservoir shows more detrimental effects than the phase damping channel on quantum walks. Our study also shows that the average fidelity decay works better than the position variance for characterizing the transition from quantum walks to random walk. Experimental feasibility to monitor the irreversibility is justified using currently available techniques. 相似文献
146.
The purpose of this paper is to present optimal preconditioned iterative methods to solve indefinite linear systems of equations arising from symmetric coupling of finite elements and boundary elements. This is a block‐diagonal preconditioner together with a conjugate residual method and a preconditioned inner–outer iteration. We prove the efficiency of these methods by showing that the number of iterations to preserve a given accuracy is bounded independent of the number of unknowns. Numerical examples underline the efficiency of these methods. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
147.
Christian Borgs Jennifer Chayes Stephan Mertens Chandra Nair 《Random Structures and Algorithms》2009,34(2):241-284
We continue our analysis of the number partitioning problem with n weights chosen i.i.d. from some fixed probability distribution with density ρ. In Part I of this work, we established the so‐called local REM conjecture of Bauke, Franz and Mertens. Namely, we showed that, as n → ∞, the suitably rescaled energy spectrum above some fixed scale α tends to a Poisson process with density one, and the partitions corresponding to these energies become asymptotically uncorrelated. In this part, we analyze the number partitioning problem for energy scales αn that grow with n, and show that the local REM conjecture holds as long as n‐1/4αn → 0, and fails if αn grows like κn1/4 with κ > 0. We also consider the SK‐spin glass model, and show that it has an analogous threshold: the local REM conjecture holds for energies of order o(n), and fails if the energies grow like κn with κ > 0. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2009 相似文献
148.
In atomic and many-particle physics, Green functions often occur as propagators to formally represent the (integration over the) complete spectrum of the underlying Hamiltonian. However, while these functions are very crucial to describing many second- and higher-order perturbation processes, they have hardly been considered and classified for complex atoms. Here, we show how relativistic (many-electron) Green functions can be approximated and systematically improved for few- and many-electron atoms and ions. The representation of these functions is based on classes of virtual excitations, or so-called excitation schemes, with regard to given bound-state reference configurations, and by applying a multi-configuration Dirac-Hartree-Fock expansion of all atomic states involved. A first implementation of these approximate Green functions has been realized in the framework of Jac, the Jena Atomic Calculator, and will facilitate the study of various multi-photon and/or multiple electron (emission) processes. 相似文献
149.
Dr. Carolin Müller Alexander Schwab Dr. Nicholas M. Randell Dr. Stephan Kupfer Prof. Benjamin Dietzek-Ivanšić Dr. Murielle Chavarot-Kerlidou 《Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2022,28(18):e202103882
The design of photoactive systems capable of storing and relaying multiple electrons is highly demanded in the field of artificial photosynthesis, where transformations of interest rely on multielectronic redox processes. The photophysical properties of the ruthenium photosensitizer [(bpy)2Ru( oxim-dppqp )]2+ ( Ru ), storing two electrons coupled to two protons on the π-extended oxim-dppqp ligand under light-driven conditions, are investigated by means of excitation wavelength-dependent resonance Raman and transient absorption spectroscopies, in combination with time-dependent density functional theory; the results are discussed in comparison to the parent [(bpy)2Ru(dppz)]2+ and [(bpy)2Ru( oxo-dppqp )]2+ complexes. In addition, this study provides in-depth insights on the impact of protonation or of accumulation of multiple reducing equivalents on the reactive excited states. 相似文献
150.
Christopher J. Major Dr. Zheng-Wang Qu Prof. Dr. Stefan Grimme Prof. Dr. Douglas W. Stephan 《Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2022,28(27):e202200698
The known boranes (R(Me3Si)N)2BF (R=Me3Si 1 , tBu 2 , C6F5 3 , o-tol 4 , Mes 5 , Dipp 6 ) and borinium salts (R(Me3Si)N)2B][B(C6F5)4] (R=Me3Si 7 , tBu 8 ) are prepared and fully characterized. Compound 7 is shown to react with phosphines to generate [R3PSiMe3]+ and [R3PH]+ (R=Me, tBu). Efforts to generate related borinium cations via fluoride abstraction from (R(Me3Si)N)2BF (R=C6F5 3 , o-tol 4 , Mes 5 ) gave complex mixtures suggesting multiple reaction pathways. However for R=Dipp 6 , the species [(μ-F)(SiMe2N(Dipp))2BMe][B(C6F5)4] was isolated as the major product, indicating methyl abstraction from silicon and F/Me exchange on boron. These observations together with state-of-the-art DFT mechanistic studies reveal that the trimethylsilyl-substituents do not behave as ancillary subsitutents but rather act as sources of proton, SiMe3 and methyl groups. 相似文献