Analytik von Di- und Triorgano-Zinn-Verbindungen durch Elektronen-Spin-Resonanz

Zusammenfassung Di- und Triorgano-Zinn-Verbindungen reagieren glatt mit substituierten o-Aminophenolen in Gegenwart von Luftsauerstoff zu stabilen paramagnetischen Komplexen. Die beobachteten ESR-Spektren zeigen große Zinnaufspaltungen. Diese Kopplungskonstanten variieren stark mit den organischen Resten der eingesetzten Zinnverbindungen, so daß sie ohne weiteres analytisch ausgewertet werden können. Die Reaktion läßt sich entweder in homogener Lösung oder als Extraktion einer wäßrigen Phase durchführen. Die Komplexe können auch in Konzentrationen <10^–7 leicht nachgewiesen werden. Darüberhinaus findet die Umsetzung auch bei Einwirkung der Aminophenollösung auf Organozinnstabilisatoren, die z. B. in PVC enthalten sind, statt, so daß diese direkt qualitativ in Polymeren bestimmt werden können.Die Radikalstabilität, die Linienbreiten, das Assoziations- und das Sättigungsverhalten wurden für die Umsetzung von Diphenylzinndichlorid mit 2-Amino-4,6-di-tert.-butyl-phenol sorgfältig untersucht, so daß unter den angegebenen Bedingungen eine quantitative Bestimmung aromatischer Organozinnverbindungen leicht durchgeführt werden kann.

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Analysis of diorgano- and triorganotin compounds with electron spin resonance

Di- and Triorganotin derivatives react very smoothly with substituted o-aminophenols in the presence of air oxygen to form stable paramagnetic complexes. The ESR spectra observed exhibit a large tin coupling. These splitting constants depend strongly on the organic part of the tin compounds used. Therefore, a direct analytical determination is possible. The reaction takes place either in homogenous solution or as an extraction of an aqueous phase. The complexes are easily detected even at concentrations <10^–7 molar. Furthermore, the paramagnetic tin complexes are formed with organotin stabilizers for example in PVC; therefore, a direct qualitative analysis of these compounds in polymers can be performed.The radical stability, the line width and the association and saturation properties are carefully investigated for the reaction of diphenyltindichloride with 2-amino-4,6-di-tert.-butyl-phenol. These results indicate a convenient possibility of a quantitative analysis of aromatic tin compounds under the conditions given.

     

Photoinduzierte Cycloadditionen von 2,2-Dimethyl-3-phenyl-2H-azirin an Nitrile und «push-pull»-Olefine. 43. Mitteilung über Photoreaktionen

Photoinduced Cycloadditions of 2,2-Dimethyl-3-phenyl-2H-azirine with Nitriles and ‘push-pull’ Olefines. Electron deficient nitriles of the type 5a–e in contrast to nonactivated nitriles undergo regiospecific [2+3]cycloadditions to benzonitrile isopropylide ( 2b ), which was generated in situ by irradiation of 2,2-dimethyl-3-phenyl-2H-azirine ( 1b ), to yield the 2H-imidazole derivatives 6a – e (Scheme 2). The structure of the photoproducts was mainly deduced from ¹³C-NMR. and mass spectrometry. Whereas normal olefins or enolethers do not react with 2b , push-pull olefins of the type 10a – d readily undergo the cycloaddition to give the 3-alkoxy-5,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-1-pyrrolines 11a – d (Scheme 3 and 4). The structure of the photoproducts 11a – d indicates that the regiospecificity of the cycloaddition corresponds to that of acrylonitriles and acrylesters with 2b .     

Silaacetylene: A possible target for experimental studies

The equilibrium geometries and transition states for interconversion of the CSiH₂ isomers in the singlet electronic ground state are optimized at the MP2 and CCSD(T) levels of theory using a TZ2P basis set. The heats of formation, vibrational frequencies, infrared intensities, and rotational constants are also predicted. There are three energy minima on the CSiH₂ potential energy surface. Energy calculations at CCSD(T)/TZ2P(fd) + ZPE predict that the global energy minimum is silavinylidene (1), which is 34.1 kcal mol⁻¹ lower in energy than trans-bent silaacetylene (2) and 84.1 kcal mol⁻¹ more stable than the vinylidene isomer (3). The barrier for rearrangement 2→1 is calculated at the same level of theory to be 5.1 kcal mol⁻¹, while for the rearrangement 3→2 a barrier of 2.7 kcal mol⁻¹ is predicted. The natural bond orbital (NBO) population scheme indicates a clear polarization of the C(SINGLE BOND)Si bonds toward the carbon end. A significant ionic contribution to the C(SINGLE BOND)Si bonds of 1 and 2 is suggested by the NBO analysis. The C(SINGLE BOND)Si bond length of trans-bent silaacetylene (2) is longer than previously calculated [1.665 Å at CCSD(T)/TZ2P)]. The calculated carbon-silicon bond length of 2 is in the middle between the C(SINGLE BOND)Si double bond length of 1 (1.721 Å) and the C(SINGLE BOND)Si triple bond of the linear form HCSiH (4), which is 1.604 Å. Structure 4 is a higher-order saddle point on the potential energy surface. © 1996 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

The local distribution of luminescence generation in LED's

Using the temperature dependence of the cathodo and injection-luminescence intensity the local light generation distribution is analyzed as a function of the foreward current and the preparation technology on GaA_1−xP_x light-emitting diodes. Whereas the excess carriers recombine in a highly compensated layer at low injection level the light is generated in the volume of the n and p-region with increasing foreward current. The injection ratio is determined by the preparation technology of the p-n junction.     

Paramagnetische organothalliumverbindungen in lösung: I. Esr-untersuchungen von diphenyl-thallium(III)-tonenpaaren mit brenzcatefechinen,pyrogallolen und 1,2-diketonen

Diphenylthallium hydroxide reacts very smoothly in organic solvents with catechols, pyrogallols and 1,2-diketones to stable paramagnetic diphenylthalliumsemiquinone and diphenylthalliumsemidione complexes respectively. This reaction has been investigated with 43 different ligands in numerous solvents. Therefore its general application is proofed.The ESR-spectra of these solutions show the hydrogen hyperfine structure of the ligands and an unusual large coupling which we assign to magnetic interaction of the free electron with the ²⁰³Tl and ²⁰⁵Tl nuclei. The thallium splittings observed depend remarkably on the ligands used. We refer this to different solvation phenomena.Semiquinones of the pyrogallol type show on principle two different radical types. Small concentrations of diphenylthallium hydroxide produce $\text{1}\text{1}$ complexes. These can be converted into $\text{1}\text{2}$ complexes by addition of further amounts of diphenyl thallium hydroxide.The ESR-spectra of the semiquinone-and the semidione-thallium complexes exhibit an unusually strong solvent dependence of the thallium coupling and of the g-factor. It is possible to explain both variations uniformly by the different donor ability of the solvents used.All complexes investigated indicate remarkable temperature dependence of the thallium splitting and the g-factor. The thallium couplings show a positive temperature gradient whereas the g-factor decrease with increasing temperature as expected.Based on the sum of the observed effects, we assume that the radicals observed by us are ion pairs in which a diphenylthallium cation interacts with the semiquinone- or semidione-anion, respectively.     

Protein abundance quantification in embryonic stem cells using incomplete metabolic labelling with 15N amino acids,matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry,and analysis of relative isotopologue abundances of peptides

An isotope dilution method for protein quantification is presented in the context of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOFMS) and mass fingerprinting experiments, revealing an unappreciated high reproducibility and accuracy of relative peak intensity measurements. Labelled proteins were generated by growing cells in a medium containing (15)N-enriched amino acids, and were mixed with proteins of natural isotopic composition from control cells in ratios of approximately 0:1, 1:7, 1:2, 2:1, 7:1, and 1:0 (labelled/unlabelled). Mixtures were separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and analysed by MALDI-TOFMS using typical experimental conditions. A linear relationship is demonstrated between the relative isotopologue abundances (RIA values) for particular peaks in the isotopic distribution of tryptic peptide fragments of the proteins, and the mole fractions of labelled proteins in the mixture. Analysis of RIA values (ARIA quantification) for peptides of six typical silver-stained protein spots for the various mixtures could reproduce the experimentally contrived ratios with approximate errors between 4% (2:1 mixture) and about 18% (1:7 mixture). A consideration of error and its propagation is discussed. ARIA does not require complete separation of the isotope patterns of labelled and unlabelled peptides, and is therefore advantageous in combination with all kinds of labelling experiments in biological systems, because it is compatible with minimal metabolic incorporation of labelling reagent. Simulations indicate that the minimum required (15)N enrichment of the total amino acid pool sufficient for ARIA is less than 4%. In an accompanying paper in this issue, we apply ARIA to proteins differentially labelled with isotope-coded alkylation reagents.     

Unusual temperature dependence in the cis/trans-oxetane formation discloses competitive syn versus anti attack for the Paternò-Büchi reaction of triplet-excited ketones with cis- and trans-cylooctenes. Conformational control of diastereoselectivity in the cyclization and cleavage of preoxetane diradicals

Toluene-d(8) solutions of cis- and trans-cyclooctene (cis- and trans-1a) as well as (Z)- and (E)-1-methylcyclooctene (cis- and trans-1b) have been irradiated at temperatures between -95 and +110 degrees C in the presence of benzophenone (BP) to afford mixtures of the cis- and trans-configured oxetanes 2a,b and the regioisomeric 2b'. Correspondingly, benzoquinone (BQ) gave with cis- and trans-1a the cycloadducts cis- and trans-3a. The cis/trans diastereomeric ratios of the [2 + 2]-cycloadducts 2 and 3 display a strong temperature dependence; with cis- and trans-1a or cis-1b as starting materials, the diastereoselectivity of the oxetane formation is high at low temperature, under preservation of the initial cyclooctene configuration. With increasing temperature, the cis diastereoselectivity decreases continuously for the cis-cyclooctenes; in the case of the cis-1a, the diastereoselectivity is even switched to trans (cis/trans ca. 20:80) at very high temperatures. For the strained trans-1a, the trans-oxetanes are strongly preferred over the entire temperature range, with only minor leakage (up to 10%) to the cis-oxetanes at very high temperatures. Oxetane formation is accompanied by nonthermal trans-to-cis isomerization of the cyclooctene. The methyl-substituted trans-1b constitutes an exceptional substrate; it displays cis diastereoselectivity in the [2 + 2] photocycloaddition at low temperatures for both regioisomers 2b and 2b', and the trans selectivity increases at moderate temperature (cis/trans = 4:96), to decrease again at high temperature, especially for the minor regioisomer 2b'. This complex temperature behavior of the cis/trans diastereoselectivity may be rationalized in terms of the triplet-diradical mechanism of the Paternò-Büchi reaction. We propose that the cyclooctene may be competitively attacked by the triplet-excited ketone from the higher (syn) or the less (anti) substituted side; such syn and anti trajectories have hitherto not been considered. To account for the unusual temperature behavior in the diastereoselectivity of the present [2 + 2] photocycloaddition, we suggest that temperature-dependent conformational changes of the resulting triplet preoxetane diradicals compete with their cyclization to the cis/trans-oxetane diastereomers and retro cleavage to the cis-cyclooctene.