Second‐Generation Inhibitors for the Metalloprotease Neprilysin Based on Bicyclic Heteroaromatic Scaffolds: Synthesis,Biological Activity,and X‐Ray Crystal‐Structure Analysis

A new class of nonpeptidic inhibitors of the Zn^II‐dependent metalloprotease neprilysin with IC₅₀ values in the nanomolar activity range (0.034–0.30 μM ) were developed based on structure‐based de novo design (Figs. 1 and 2). The inhibitors feature benzimidazole and imidazo[4,5‐c]pyridine moieties as central scaffolds to undergo H‐bonding to Asn542 and Arg717 and to engage in favorable π‐π stacking interactions with the imidazole ring of His711. The platform is decorated with a thiol vector to coordinate to the Zn^II ion and an aryl residue to occupy the hydrophobic S1′ pocket, but lack a substituent for binding in the S2′ pocket, which remains closed by the side chains of Phe106 and Arg110 when not occupied. The enantioselective syntheses of the active compounds (+)‐ 1 , (+)‐ 2 , (+)‐ 25 , and (+)‐ 26 were accomplished using Evans auxiliaries (Schemes 2, 4, and 5). The inhibitors (+)‐ 2 and (+)‐ 26 with an imidazo[4,5‐c]pyridine core are ca. 8 times more active than those with a benzimidazole core ((+)‐ 1 and (+)‐ 25 ) (Table 1). The predicted binding mode was established by X‐ray analysis of the complex of neprilysin with (+)‐ 2 at 2.25‐Å resolution (Fig. 4 and Table 2). The ligand coordinates with its sulfanyl residue to the Zn^II ion, and the benzyl residue occupies the S1′ pocket. The 1H‐imidazole moiety of the central scaffold forms the required H‐bonds to the side chains of Asn542 and Arg717. The heterobicyclic platform additionally undergoes π‐π stacking with the side chain of His711 as well as edge‐to‐face‐type interactions with the side chain of Trp693. According to the X‐ray analysis, the substantial advantage in biological activity of the imidazo‐pyridine inhibitors over the benzimidazole ligands arises from favorable interactions of the pyridine N‐atom in the former with the side chain of Arg102. Unexpectedly, replacement of the phenyl group pointing into the deep S1′ pocket by a biphenyl group does not enhance the binding affinity for this class of inhibitors.     

A telescoped Knochel-Hauser/Kumada-Corriu coupling strategy to functionalized aromatic heterocycles

The direct application of Knochel-Hauser derivative arylmagnesium halides in Kumada-Corriu couplings is described. By utilizing the in situ-generated Grignard reagents, the transmetalation with stoichiometric zinc salts to known Negishi coupling conditions is avoided, thereby streamlining the transformation. Several aromatic hetereocycles participate in the deprotonation and couple with a variety of phenyl iodides and bromides in isolated yields up to 81%. The parent system is demonstrated on 6?g scale with 79% yield, and monitored via ReactIR to show the stability of the Grignard and progression of the deprotonation/CC coupling reaction.     

Synthesis and auration of primary and di-primary heteroaryl-phosphines

Convenient high-yield syntheses of the primary and di-primary heteroaryl-phosphines R-PH2 and H2P-R'-PH2(with R = 2-thienyl, 2-furyl, and R'= 2,5-thiophenediyl, 2,5-furandiyl, respectively) are presented. The products and a set of precursor molecules have been characterized by analytical and spectral data, and the crystal structures of selected molecules have been determined: 2-C4H3O-PCl2, 2,5-(Cl2P)2C4H2O, 2,5-[(Et2N)2P]2C4H2E (with E = O, S). In the crystals, the two molecules with -PCl2 substituents adopt trans conformations, while the other two have the -P(NEt2)2 groups rotated into a twist conformation. The reaction of the thienyl compounds with tris[(tert-phosphine)gold]oxonium tetrafluoroborates gave almost quantitative yields of the tri- and hexanuclear gold complexes, respectively: {2-C4H3S-P[Au(PR3)]3}+BF4- and [2,5-{[(R3P)Au]3P}2C4H2S]2+(BF4(-)2, (R =tBu, Ph). The structures of the compounds with R3P =tBu3P ligands have been determined. In both cases the [2-C4H3/2S-P] units cap triangles of gold atoms in an array that can be described as three [Au(PR3)]+ cations bridged by a phosphido dianion (RP)2-.     

Gravitational (dynamic) time dilation according to absolute space-time theory

Proceeding from our absolute space-time conceptions, we obtain the formula for the gravitational frequency shift in an extremely simple way. Using our burst model for photons, we show that the different rates of clocks placed in spatial regions with different gravitational potentials appear as a direct result of the gravitational frequency shift and the axiomatic assumption that at any space point the time unit is to be defined by light clocks with equal arms, i.e., that at any space point the light velocity (in moving frames the there-and-back velocity) has the same numerical valuec. Considering the principle of equivalence, we come to the logical conclusion that the kinematic (Einstein-Lorentz) time dilation is an absolute phenomenon.     

Virtual Screening and Hit Selection of Natural Compounds as Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is one of the classical targets in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Inhibition of AChE slows down the hydrolysis of acetycholine and increases choline levels, improving the cognitive function. The achieved success of plant-based natural drugs acting as AChE inhibitors, such as galantamine (GAL) from Galanthus genus and huperzine A from Huperzia serrate (approved drug in China), in the treatment of AD, and the fact that natural compounds (NCs) are considered as safer and less toxic compared to synthetic drugs, led us to screen the available NCs (almost 150,000) in the ZINC12 database for AChE inhibitory activity. The compounds were screened virtually by molecular docking, filtered for suitable ADME properties, and 32 ligands from 23 structural groups were selected. The stability of the complexes was estimated via 1 μs molecular dynamics simulation. Ten compounds formed stable complexes with the enzyme and had a vendor and a reasonable price per mg. They were tested for AChE inhibitory and antioxidant activity. Five compounds showed weak AChE inhibition and three of them exhibited high antioxidant activity.     

Supramolecular encapsulation of redox-active monomers to enable free-radical polymerisation

Extended polymeric structures based on redox-active species are of great interest in emerging technologies related to energy conversion and storage. However, redox-active monomers tend to inhibit radical polymerisation processes and hence, increase polydispersity and reduce the average molecular weight of the resultant polymers. Here, we demonstrate that styrenic viologens, which do not undergo radical polymerisation effectively on their own, can be readily copolymerised in the presence of cucurbit[n]uril (CB[n]) macrocycles. The presented strategy relies on pre-encapsulation of the viologen monomers within the molecular cavities of the CB[n] macrocycle. Upon polymerisation, the molecular weight of the resultant polymer was found to be an order of magnitude higher and the polydispersity reduced 5-fold. The mechanism responsible for this enhancement was unveiled through comprehensive spectroscopic and electrochemical studies. A combination of solubilisation/stabilisation of reduced viologen species as well as protection of the parent viologens against reduction gives rise to the higher molar masses and reduced polydispersities. The presented study highlights the potential of CB[n]-based host–guest chemistry to control both the redox behavior of monomers as well as the kinetics of their radical polymerisation, which will open up new opportunities across myriad fields.

Extended polymeric structures based on redox-active species are of great interest in emerging technologies related to energy conversion and storage.

Polyviologens are redox-active polymers based on N-substituted bipyridinium derivatives which have emerged as promising materials for energy conversion and storage.^1–5 Their physicochemical properties can be adjusted through copolymerisation of the redox-active viologen monomers.^6–8 The resultant materials are stable, water soluble and exhibit fast electron transfer kinetics. Polyviologens have been commonly fabricated through step-growth polymerisation in linear and dendritic architectures,^9–13 as supramolecular polymers,^14–16 networks,^6,17,18 and covalent organic frameworks.^19,20 Alternatively, anionic/cationic or metathesis-based polymerisations are used to avoid interference of radical-stabilising monomers with the radical initiators, however, these techniques are highly water- and/or oxygen-sensitive.^21,22 When free-radical polymerisation (FRP) is conducted in the presence of viologen species, its reduction can cause a depletion of active radicals and thus disruption of the polymerisation process. Despite varying solvents, comonomers and initiator loadings, the direct FRP of viologen-containing monomers remains therefore limited to molar masses of 30 kDa.^23–25 Accessing higher molar masses has been possible via post-polymerisation modification,^26–28 which has impacted the electrochemical properties of the resultant materials.^29,30 Alternative strategies to access higher molar masses of redox-active polymers and control their polymerisation are highly desirable.Incorporation of cucurbit[n]uril (CB[n]) macrocycles have lead to a variety of functional materials through host–guest chemistry.^31–34 Moreover, the redox chemistry of viologens can be modulated through complexation with CB[n].^35–38 Specifically, CB[n] (n = 7, 8) can tune the redox potential of pristine viologens and efficiently sequester monoreduced viologen radical cations, avoiding precipitation in aqueous environments. Further to this, we recently demonstrated that the viologen radical cation is stabilised by −20 kcal mol⁻¹ when encapsulated in CB[7].³⁹Consequently, we envisioned that incorporating CB[n]s as additives prior to polymerisation could (i) overcome current limits in accessible molar masses, (ii) increase control over FRP of viologen-based monomers through encapsulation and (iii) enable separation of radical species avoiding aggregation.Here, we demonstrate a new approach to control FRP of redox-active monomers leading to high molar masses and decreased dispersity of the resultant polymers. In absence of CB[n], co-polymerisation of the N-styryl-N′-phenyl viologen monomer 1²⁺ and N,N-dimethylacrylamide (DMAAm) only occurs at high initiator loadings (>0.5 mol%, Fig. 1a), leading to low molecular weights and high polydispersity. Using our synthetic approach, 1²⁺ is efficiently copolymerised with DMAAm in the presence of CB[n] (n = 7, 8) macrocycles resulting in control of the polymer molar mass across a broad range, 4–500 kDa (Fig. 1b). Finally, CB[n] are successfully removed from the polymer via competitive host–guest binding and dialysis. Spectroscopic and electrochemical studies revealed that solubilisation/stabilisation of the reduced species and/or shielding of the redox-active monomers from electron transfer processes was responsible for this enhancement.Open in a separate windowFig. 1Schematic representation of the investigated polymerisation. (a) Conventional free radical polymerisation either completely fails to copolymerise redox-active monomers (low initiator loading) or delivers copolymers with limited molar masses and high dispersities (high initiator loading). (b) CB[n]-mediated protection suppresses interference of viologen monomers with radicals formed through the initiation process facilitating copolymerisation. The molar mass of the resulting copolymers is readily tunable via the amount of present CB[n] macrocycles and the CB[n] is post-synthetically removed via competitive binding to yield the final copolymer with desired molar mass. Cl⁻ counter-ions are omitted for clarity.Recent studies on symmetric aryl viologens demonstrated 2 : 2 binding modes with CB[8] and high binding constants (up to K_a ∼ 10¹¹ M⁻²).^40,41 Incorporation of polymerisable vinyl moieties, in combination with the relatively static structure of their CB[n] host–guest complexes, was postulated to allow polymerisation without unfavorable side reactions. The asymmetric N-styryl-N′-phenyl viologen monomer 1²⁺ prepared for this study (Fig. S1a and S2–S13^†) displays a linear geometry and was predicted to bind CB[n] (n = 7, 8) in a 2 : 1 and 2 : 2 binding fashion (Fig. S1b^†).^40,42 Binding modes between CB[n] (n = 7, 8) and 1²⁺ were investigated through titration experiments (¹H NMR and ITC) which confirmed the formation of 1·(CB[7])₂ and (1)₂·(CB[8])₂ (see Fig. S25 and S26^†). ¹H NMR titration of CB[7] with 1²⁺ demonstrates encapsulation of both aryl moieties (including the vinyl group) through upfield chemical shifts of the respective signals (Fig. 2a). Similar upfield shifts were observed for CB[8] (Fig. 2c). Different para-aryl substituents (vinyl vs. hydrogen) resulted in either head-to-tail or head-to-head (1)₂·(CB[8])₂ dimers (Fig. S1b and S26^†), a previously reported phenomenon.⁴³ Nonetheless, the reversible nature of the complex renders the vinyl group temporarily available for copolymerisation. In the presence of CB[8], 1²⁺ yields polymer molar masses of up to 500 kDa as its complexation is more robust. ITC data confirmed binding stoichiometry, with binding constants of K_a = 2.64 × 10⁶ M⁻¹ for 1·(CB[7])₂ and K_a = 9.02 × 10¹⁰ M⁻² for (1)₂·(CB[8])₂ (Table S2, Fig. S29a and b^†).Open in a separate windowFig. 2Supramolecular complexation of 1²⁺ and CB[n]. ¹H NMR spectra of 1²⁺ at (a) χ_CB[7] = 2, (b) χ_CB[n] = 0 and (c) χ_CB[8] = 1 in D₂O. Cl⁻ counter-ions are omitted for clarity.The free radical copolymerisation of 1²⁺ and DMAAm ([M] = 2 M), in the absence of CB[n], was based on optimised DMAAm homopolymerisations (Fig. S14 and S15^†) and full conversion was confirmed by ¹H NMR spectroscopy (Table S1 and Fig. S16^†). 1²⁺ was maintained at 1 mol% relative to DMAAm and by varying the radical initiator concentration molar masses of up to 30 kDa with broad dispersities (Đ = 11.4) were obtained (Fig. S17^†). Lower initiator concentrations (<0.25 mol%) limited polymerisation (M_n = 3.7 kDa) and size exclusion chromatography elution peaks exhibited extensive tailing, suggesting that 1²⁺ engages in radical transfer processes.To verify our hypothesis that CB[n] macrocycles can modulate the redox behavior of 1²⁺, FRP of 1²⁺ and DMAAm was conducted with varying amounts of CB[n] (n = 7, 8) (Fig. 3, S18 and S20^†). Full conversion of all monomers including their successful incorporation into the polymer was verified via¹H NMR spectroscopy and SEC (Fig. S18 and S21–S23^†). Using CB[7], the molar mass of the copolymers was tunable between M_n = 3.7–160 kDa (Fig. 3b and S21a^†). Importantly, in the presence of CB[8], a broad range of molar masses M_n = 3.7–500 kDa were accessible for 0 < χ_CB[8] < 1.2 (Fig. S20 and S21b^†). Increasing the CB[n] (n = 7, 8) concentration caused dispersity values to converge to Đ = 2.2 (χ_CB[8] = 1.2, χ is the ratio of CB[n] to the redox-active monomer, Fig. S20^†). The copolymers were purified by addition of adamantylamine (competitive binder) prior to dialysis to deliver CB[n]-free redox-active copolymers (Fig. S23^†).Open in a separate windowFig. 3(a) In situ copolymerisation of DMAAm with 1²⁺ and CB[7]. (b) Molar mass and dispersity vs. amount of CB[7] in the system. Fitted curve is drawn to guide the eye. Cl⁻ counter-ions are omitted for clarity.The range of molar masses obtainable through addition of CB[n] (n = 7, 8) correlated with the measured K_a (Fig. 3b and S20^†). Binding of 1²⁺ to CB[8] was stronger and therefore lower concentrations of CB[8] were required to shift the binding equilibrium and mitigate disruption of the polymerisation. Dispersity values reached a maximum at χ_CB[7] = 0.6 or χ_CB[8] = 0.3, suggesting 1⁺˙ is only partially encapsulated. Consequently, higher CB[n] concentrations can enable FRP with lower initiator concentrations (0.10 mol%, Fig. S19^†), which demonstrates the major role of complexation to modulate electron accepting properties of 1²⁺.The redox-active monomer 1²⁺ can engage with propagating primary radicals (P_m˙) to either be incorporated into the growing polymer chain (P_m–1²⁺˙) or to abstract an electron deactivating it (P_m). This deactivation likely occurs through oxidative termination producing 1⁺˙ (energetic sink), inactive oligo- and/or polymer chains (P_m) and a proton H⁺, causing retardation of the overall polymerisation. Oxidative terminations have been previously observed in aqueous polymerisations of methyl methacrylate, styrenes and acrylonitriles that make use of redox initiator systems.^44–47 Another example by Das et al. investigated the use of methylene blue as a retarder, with the primary radical being transferred to a methylene blue electron acceptor via oxidative termination, altogether supporting the outlined mechanism of our system (extended discussion see ESI, Section 1.4^†).⁴⁸The process of retardation can, however, be successfully suppressed, when monomer 1²⁺ is encapsulated within CB[n] macrocycles. Herein the formation of 1·(CB[7])₂ or (1)₂·(CB[8])₂ results in shielding of the redox-active component of 1²⁺ from other radicals within the system, hampering other electron transfer reactions. This inhibits termination and results in extended polymerisation processes leading to higher molar mass polymers through mitigation of radical transfer reactions. Moreover, suppressing the formation of 1⁺˙ through supramolecular encapsulation minimises both π and σ dimerisation of the emerging viologen radical species,³⁹ preventing any further reactions that could impact the molar mass or polydispersity of the resulting polymers.Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and UV-Vis titration experiments were conducted to provide insight into the impact of CB[n] on the redox behavior and control over FRP of 1²⁺. Excess of CB[n] (n = 7, 8) towards 1²⁺ resulted in a complete suppression of electron transfer processes (Fig. S31 and S32^†). Initially, 1²⁺ shows a quasi-reversible reduction wave at −0.44 V forming 1⁺˙ (Fig. 4a). Increasing χ_CB[7], this reduction peak decreases and shifts towards more negative potentials (−0.51 V, χ_CB[7] = 1) accompanied by the formation of 1²⁺·(CB[7])₁. A second cathodic peak emerges at −0.75 V due to the increased formation of 1²⁺·(CB[7])₂. At χ_CB[7] = 2, this peak shifts to −0.80 V, where it reaches maximum intensity, once 1²⁺·(CB[7])₂ is the dominating species in solution. When 2 < χ_CB[7] < 4, the intensity of the reduction peak decreases and the complexation equilibrium is shifted towards the bound state, complete suppression of the reduction peak occurs at χ_CB[7] = 4. Similarly, the oxidation wave intensity is reduced by 95% at χ_CB[7] = 4 causing suppression of potential oxidative radical transfer processes (Fig. 4c).Open in a separate windowFig. 4Mechanism of the CB[n]-mediated (n = 7, 8) strategy for the controlled copolymerisation of redox-active monomer 1²⁺. (a) Cyclic voltammogram with varying amounts of CB[7]. (b) UV-Vis titration of 1²⁺ with varying amounts of CB[7]. (c) Intensity decay of the oxidation peak at −0.27 V and change in absorption maximum of 1⁺˙ at 590 nm vs. χ_CB[7]. (d) Electron transfer processes of 1²⁺ to generate 1⁺˙ and 1⁰. (e) Reduction of 1²⁺ resulting in precipitation of 1⁰. (f) Stabilisation of 1⁺˙ through encapsulation with CB[7]. (g) Protection of 1²⁺ from redox processes through CB[7]-mediated encapsulation.The concentration of 1⁺˙ can be monitored using UV-Vis (Fig. 4b and S34^†).⁴⁹ Absorbance at 590 nm (λ_max) vs. χ_CB[7] was plotted and the concentration of 1⁺˙ increases, reaching a maximum at χ_CB[7] = 4 (Fig. 4c). When χ_CB[7] > 4, a decrease in concentration of 1⁺˙ was observed. We postulate the following mechanism: at χ_CB[7] = 0, 1²⁺ is reduced to produce high concentrations of 1⁺˙ that partially disproportionates to form 1⁰, which precipitates (Fig. 4e and S34^†). When 0 < χ_CB[7] < 4, increasing amounts of green 1⁺˙ are stabilised through encapsulation within CB[7] suppressing disproportionation (Fig. 4c (cuvette pictures), Fig. 4f). For χ_CB[7] > 4, 1²⁺ is protected from reduction through encapsulation (Fig. 4g).To further demonstrate applicability of this strategy, we chose another viologen-based monomer 2²⁺ for copolymerisation (Fig. 5a). As opposed to 1²⁺, CB binds predominantly to the styryl moiety of 2²⁺ (Fig. S27 and S28^†).⁵⁰ ITC data showed that 2²⁺ binds CB[7] in a 1 : 1 fashion with a binding affinity of K_a = 2.32 × 10⁶ M⁻¹ (Fig. S30 and Table S2^†). Monomer 2²⁺ was also analysed via CV and showed three reversible reduction waves at −0.91 V, −0.61 V (viologen) and 0.40 V (styrene). Similar to 1²⁺, excess CB[7] selectively protects the molecule from redox processes, while the vinyl moiety remains accessible (Fig. 5a, S33c and d^†). For CB[8], only partial suppression of electron transfer processes was observed (Fig. S33e and f^†). We therefore chose CB[7] as an additive to increase control over FRP of 2²⁺ (Fig. 5b). Copolymerisation of 2²⁺ (1 mol%) and DMAAm ([M] = 2 M) at χ_CB[7] = 0 resulted in M_n = 28 kDa. When χ_CB[7] = 0.1, 0.2 or 0.3, M_n increased gradually from 124 to 230 and 313 kDa, respectively, demonstrating the potential of this strategy for FRP of redox-active monomers. Higher percentages of CB[7] led to copolymers with presumably higher molar masses causing a drastic decrease in solubility that prevented further analysis. Investigations on a broader spectrum of such copolymers, including those with higher contents of 2²⁺ are currently ongoing.Open in a separate windowFig. 5(a) Cyclic voltammogram of viologen-containing monomer 2²⁺ and its complexation with CB[n] (n = 7, 8) at a concentration of 1 mM using a scan rate of 10 mV s⁻¹ in 0.1 mM NaCl solution. (b) Molar mass and dispersity of 2²⁺-containing copolymers vs. equivalents of CB[7]. Cl⁻ counter-ions are omitted for clarity.In conclusion, we report a supramolecular strategy to induce control over the free radical polymerisation of redox-active building blocks, unlocking high molar masses and reducing polydispersity of the resulting polymers. Through the use of CB[n] macrocycles (n = 7, 8) for the copolymerisation of styrenic viologen 1²⁺, a broad range of molar masses between 3.7–500 kDa becomes accessible. Our mechanistic investigations elucidated that the redox behavior of monomer 1²⁺ is dominated by either CB[n]-mediated stabilisation of monoradical cationic species or protection of the encapsulated pyridinium species from reduction. In the stabilisation regime (χ_CB[7] < 4), 1²⁺ is reduced to form the radical cation 1⁺˙, which is subsequently stabilised through CB[7] encapsulation. Upon reaching a critical concentration of CB[7] (χ_CB[7] > 4), the system enters a protection-dominated regime, where reduction of 1²⁺ is suppressed and the concentration of 1⁺˙ diminishes. The resulting copolymers can be purified by use of a competitive binder to remove CB[n] macrocycles from the product. This strategy was successfully translated to a structurally different redox-active monomer that suffered similar limitations. We believe that the reported strategy of copolymerisation of redox-active monomers will open new avenues in the synthesis of functional materials for energy conversion and storage as well as for applications in electrochromic devices and (nano)electronics.     

Azides in the Synthesis of Various Heterocycles

In this review, we focus on some interesting and recent examples of various applications of organic azides such as their intermolecular or intramolecular, under thermal, catalyzed, or noncatalyzed reaction conditions. The aforementioned reactions in the aim to prepare basic five-, six-, organometallic heterocyclic-membered systems and/or their fused analogs. This review article also provides a report on the developed methods describing the synthesis of various heterocycles from organic azides, especially those reported in recent papers (till 2020). At the outset, this review groups the synthetic methods of organic azides into different categories. Secondly, the review deals with the functionality of the azido group in chemical reactions. This is followed by a major section on the following: (1) the synthetic tools of various heterocycles from the corresponding organic azides by one-pot domino reaction; (2) the utility of the chosen catalysts in the chemoselectivity favoring C−H and C-N bonds; (3) one-pot procedures (i.e., Ugi four-component reaction); (4) nucleophilic addition, such as Aza-Michael addition; (5) cycloaddition reactions, such as [3+2] cycloaddition; (6) mixed addition/cyclization/oxygen; and (7) insertion reaction of C-H amination. The review also includes the synthetic procedures of fused heterocycles, such as quinazoline derivatives and organometal heterocycles (i.e., phosphorus-, boron- and aluminum-containing heterocycles). Due to many references that have dealt with the reactions of azides in heterocyclic synthesis (currently more than 32,000), we selected according to generality and timeliness. This is considered a recent review that focuses on selected interesting examples of various heterocycles from the mechanistic aspects of organic azides.     

Thermodynamic equilibrium between locally excited and charge-transfer states through thermally activated charge transfer in 1-(pyren-2′-yl)-o-carborane

Reversible conversion between excited-states plays an important role in many photophysical phenomena. Using 1-(pyren-2′-yl)-o-carborane as a model, we studied the photoinduced reversible charge-transfer (CT) process and the thermodynamic equilibrium between the locally-excited (LE) state and CT state, by combining steady state, time-resolved, and temperature-dependent fluorescence spectroscopy, fs- and ns-transient absorption, and DFT and LR-TDDFT calculations. Our results show that the energy gaps and energy barriers between the LE, CT, and a non-emissive ‘mixed’ state of 1-(pyren-2′-yl)-o-carborane are very small, and all three excited states are accessible at room temperature. The internal-conversion and reverse internal-conversion between LE and CT states are significantly faster than the radiative decay, and the two states have the same lifetimes and are in thermodynamic equilibrium.

Reversible conversion between excited-states is key to many photophysical phenomena. We studied the equilibrium between LE and CT states by time-resolved and temperature-dependent fluorescence, fs- and ns-transient absorption, and LR-TDDFT calculations.     

Laser-assisted one-step fabrication of homogeneous glass–silver composite

Glass doped with silver ions was fabricated using a dry technique and then irradiated at the scanning speed of 14 mm?s^?1 using a nanosecond pulsed Nd:YVO₄ laser operating at 355?nm. This led to the spatially selective, one-step precipitation of silver particles and fabrication of a homogeneously structured optical composite material: glass?Csilver composite. The optical and structural properties of such composite material can be designed at will, which could have potential impact on light/plasmon wave and sensing technologies, optoelectronics, and surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy.