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51.
The shock structure problem is one of the classical problems of fluid mechanics and at least for non-reacting dilute gases it has been considered essentially solved. Here we present a few recent findings, to show that this is not the case. There are still new physical effects to be discovered provided that the numerical technique is general enough to not rule them out a priori. While the results have been obtained for dense fluids, some of the effects might also be observable for shocks in dilute gases. 相似文献
52.
A stable model category is a setting for homotopy theory where the suspension functor is invertible. The prototypical examples are the category of spectra in the sense of stable homotopy theory and the category of unbounded chain complexes of modules over a ring. In this paper we develop methods for deciding when two stable model categories represent ‘the same homotopy theory’. We show that stable model categories with a single compact generator are equivalent to modules over a ring spectrum. More generally stable model categories with a set of generators are characterized as modules over a ‘ring spectrum with several objects’, i.e., as spectrum valued diagram categories. We also prove a Morita theorem which shows how equivalences between module categories over ring spectra can be realized by smashing with a pair of bimodules. Finally, we characterize stable model categories which represent the derived category of a ring. This is a slight generalization of Rickard's work on derived equivalent rings. We also include a proof of the model category equivalence of modules over the Eilenberg-Mac Lane spectrum HR and (unbounded) chain complexes of R-modules for a ring R. 相似文献
53.
M. Brunken L. Casper H. Genz C. Hessler S. Khodyachykh A. Richter 《Optics & Laser Technology》2003,35(5):349-353
A compact autocorrelator suitable for the measurement of the optical pulse length of the infrared free electron laser (IR-FEL) at the S-DALINAC is described. It allows to investigate the energy transfer process from the electrons into the laser light within the undulator of the FEL. The autocorrelator utilizes the second harmonic generation (SHG) and it provides the possibility of a background-free measurement at wavelengths between 4 and 10 μm. Simulations for three different crystals used for SHG show that the largest efficiency for SHG and the best temporal resolution is achieved with a ZnGeP2 crystal at a length of 2 mm. A test experiment at the free electron laser for infrared experiments confirmed the expected high efficiency of about 7.5% of SHG for the ZnGeP2 crystal as well as the easy handling and fast adjustment of the system. 相似文献
54.
Stefan Jaschke Claudia Klüppelberg Alexander Lindner 《Journal of multivariate analysis》2004,88(2):252-273
We derive results on the asymptotic behavior of tails and quantiles of quadratic forms of Gaussian vectors. They appear in particular in delta–gamma models in financial risk management approximating portfolio returns. Quantile estimation corresponds to the estimation of the Value-at-Risk, which is a serious problem in high dimension. 相似文献
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Stefan Veldsman 《Results in Mathematics》1993,24(3-4):356-371
It is shown that a variety of associative rings which has attainable identities in the class of all associatives ring has attainable identities in the class of all near—rings. We also give examples of varieties of near-rings which are, contrary to the ring case, closed under extensions but do not have attainable identities and varieties which are closed under extensions but not closed under essential extensions, respectively. 相似文献
60.
L. D. Olivier W. A. Richter J. A. Stander J. W. Koen 《Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei》1993,347(2):99-108
Levels up to 9.3 MeV excitation in22Ne were studied with the19 F(α, pγ) 22Ne reaction atE α = 12 MeV. Level energies, branching ratios, mean lifetimes, spins and mixing ratios were obtained for a number of levels. Relevant results are compared with many-particle shell-model calculations. 相似文献