Higher Dimensional Cosmology with Some Dark Energy Models in Emergent, Logamediate and Intermediate Scenarios of the Universe

We have considered N-dimensional Einstein field equations in which four-dimensional space-time is described by a FRW metric and that of extra dimensions by an Euclidean metric. We have chosen the exponential forms of scale factors a and d numbers of b in such a way that there is no singularity for evolution of the higher dimensional Universe. We have supposed that the Universe is filled with K-essence, Tachyonic, Normal Scalar Field and DBI-essence. Here we have found the nature of potential of different scalar field and graphically analyzed the potentials and the fields for three scenario namely Emergent Scenario, Logamediate Scenario and Intermediate Scenario. Also graphically we have depicted the geometrical parameters named statefinder parameters and slow-roll parameters in the higher dimensional cosmology with the above mentioned scenarios.     

Efficient Decomposition of Organic Pollutants Over In2O3/TiO2 Nanocomposite Photocatalyst Under Visible Light Irradiation

The heterojunction structures of In₂O₃/TiO₂, exhibiting visible light photocatalytic efficiency, has been synthesized by utilizing maleic acid as an organic linker to combine In₂O₃ and Degussa P25 (TiO₂) nanoparticles. The prepared nanocomposite has been characterized by FESEM, TEM, XRD and UV?CVisible reflectance spectra. The photocatalytic efficiency of the composite photocatalyst has been investigated based on the decomposition of 2-propanol (IP) in gas phase and 1,4-dichlorobenzene (DCB) in aqueous phase under visible light (??????420?nm) irradiation. The results reveal that the In₂O₃/TiO₂ composite photocatalyst with 7?wt% In₂O₃ demonstrated 6.3 times of efficiency in evolving CO₂ from gaseous IP and 8.7 times of efficiency in removing aqueous DCB in compare with Degussa P25. In this In₂O₃/TiO₂ composite system, TiO₂ seems to be the principal photocatalyst whereas the function of In₂O₃ is to sensitize TiO₂ by absorbing visible light (??????420?nm). The extraordinary high photocatalytic efficiency of this composite In₂O₃/TiO₂ under visible light has been explained on the basis of relative energy band positions of the component semiconductors.     

High temperature nucleation and growth of glutathione protected ~Ag75 clusters

We report the first high temperature solution state synthesis of glutathione (-SG) protected atomically precise silver clusters. Noble metal cluster synthesis from metal ions generally requires ice cold temperatures as they are extremely sensitive and high temperature routes are used only for core reduction methods, starting from nanoparticles. The clusters formed by the new route have distinct features in their absorption profile and they exhibit red luminescence. They are characterised by other spectroscopic and microscopic techniques and a tentative formula of Ag(75)(SG)(40) has been assigned.     

Joint determination of optimal safety stocks and production policy for an imperfect production system

In this article, we develop an imperfect economic manufacturing quantity (EMQ) model for an unreliable production system subject to process deterioration, machine breakdown and repair and buffer stock. The basic model is developed under general process shift, machine breakdown and repair time distributions. We suggest a computational algorithm for determination of the optimal safety stock and production run time which minimize the expected cost per unit time in the steady state. For a numerical example, we illustrate the outcome of the proposed model and perform a sensitivity analysis with respect to the model-parameters which have direct influence on the optimal decisions.     

Use of Dirac matrices in polarization optics

Several matrix methods have been developed for studying polarization properties of light. Jones was the first to apply the matrix method to the study of polarization optics. In Jones matrix formalism the polarized wave field is represented by 2-element column matrix known as Jones Vector and the polarization device encountered by light is represented by a 2×2 matrix, known as the characteristic Jones matrix of the device. Mueller introduced a new matrix method where the wave field is represented by a 4-dimensional vector. The elements of the vector are the Stokes parameters of the beam. In Mueller matrix formalism the optical device is represented by a 4×4 real matrix known as ‘Mueller Matrix’ of the device. The use of coherency matrix also proves to the useful in the study of partially polarized light. Pauli spin matrices have been used to unify the different matrix treatments of polarization optical phenomena. The present article is an attempt to unify the analysis of polarization phenomena using Dirac matrices used by Dirac in quantum mechanics. We have however redefined the set of Dirac matrices in terms of the Kronecher product of Pauli spin matrices.     

Higher Dimensional Cosmology with Normal Scalar Field and Tachyonic Field

We have considered N-dimensional Einstein field equations in which four-dimensional space-time is described by a FRW metric and that of extra dimensions by an Euclidean metric. We have supposed that the higher dimensional anisotropic universe is filled with only normal scalar field or tachyonic field. Here we have found the nature of potential of normal scalar field or tachyonic field. From graphical representations, we have seen that the potential is always decreases with field φ increases.     

Structural markers for normal oral mucosa and oral sub-mucous fibrosis

This article presents a quantitative approach for the characterization of normal oral mucosa (NOM) in respect to thickness and textural properties of its entire epithelial layer. Histological images of oral mucosa depict that both thickness and tissue architecture at cellular and tissue level undergo change, as mucosa converts from normal to precancerous or cancerous state. In this study the thickness and fractal dimension of the mucosal epithelium of NOM and oral sub-mucous fibrosis (OSF) condition have been computed using 83 normal and 29 OSF images of oral mucosa. The result shows significant delineation between NOM and OSF in respect of both the epithelial thickness (in μm) and fractal dimensions. This quantitative characterization of oral epithelium will be of immense help for oral onco-pathologists and researchers to assess the biological nature of normal and diseased (OSF) mucosa with higher accuracy. Moreover, further differential applications may enable them to find out newer accurate quantitative diagnostic procedures to that of the usual histopathological gold standard for the assessment of malignant potentiality.     

Photo-induced intermolecular electron transfer from electron donating solvents to Coumarin dyes in bile salt aggregates: role of diffusion in electron transfer reaction

The photo-induced electron transfer between Coumarin dyes and aromatic amines has been investigated using steady state and time-resolved fluorescence quenching studies. We have observed a Marcus type inversion in the electron transfer rate in correlation of quenching constant to the free energy change occurred during reaction. To justify the "inverted region" obtained in the correlation of quenching constant versus free energy curve, we have performed anisotropy measurement and estimated the several diffusional parameters. The translational diffusion coefficients exhibit a similar picture like electron transfer rate constant when it is plotted against free energy. Thus we argued that the diffusion has played an important role in the electron transfer kinetics.