Theoretical analysis for the transient behaviour of radiative cooling of cavities in superconducting LINAC cryomodule

For the superconducting linear accelerator program, three cryomodules each houses eight superconducting cavities were successfully developed at IUAC, New Delhi. In each cryomodule, the cold mass at 4.2 K is surrounded by the liquid nitrogen cooled thermal shield maintained at 100 K. Three stages of cooling namely, radiation cooling followed by liquid nitrogen pre-cooling and finally liquid helium (LHe) cooling, are followed to reduce the temperature of cold mass from 300 to 4.2 K. The cold mass at 4.2 K consists of cavities, LHe vessel and the support structure. The temperature of cavity and helium vessel reaches to 210–220 K in 40 h of time by the natural radiation from the thermal shield. The radiative cooling rates for the cavities, helium vessel and support structure are found to be 3.0, 4.0 and 2.0 K/h respectively. A detailed analytical calculation has been done to understand the transient cool-down phenomenon for each component and compared with the experimental measured values. The experimental values are in agreement with the analytical data within 5 % variation considering the correction factor of radiation funneling. This paper presents the role of different thermal parameters like shield temperature, conduction load and radiation funneling area in the transient radiative cool-down behaviour of different components.     

Dynamical behaviour of a delayed three species predator–prey model with cooperation among the prey species

Nonlinear Dynamics - In this paper we have discussed about the dynamics of three species (two preys and one predator) delayed predator–prey model with cooperation among the preys against...     

Crystallization kinetics of Cu60Zr25Ti15 and (Cu60Zr25Ti15)95Ni5 bulk metallic glasses by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)

Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry - Amorphous structures of the as-cast bulk metallic glass samples (BMGs) of Cu60Zr25Ti15 and (Cu60Zr25Ti15)95Ni5 alloys are confirmed by X-ray...     

Metal Bromide Controlled Interfacial Aromatization Reaction for Shape‐Selective Synthesis of Palladium Nanostructures with Efficient Catalytic Performances

Herein, the effect of diverse metal bromides for the shape evolution of palladium nanostructures (Pd NS) has been demonstrated. Aromaticity‐driven reduction of bromopalladate(II) is optimized to reproducibly obtain different Pd NS at the water/organic layer interface. In this soft interfacial strategy, a redox potential driven reaction has been performed, forming the thermodynamically more stable (>10⁴‐fold) PdBr₄^2? precursor from PdCl₄^2? by adding extra metal bromides. In the process, the reductant, Hantzsch dihydropyridine ester (DHPE), is aromatized. Interestingly, alkali metal bromides devoid of coordination propensity exclusively evolve Pd nanowires (Pd NWs), whereas in the case of transition metal bromides the metal ions engage the ‘N’ donor of DHPE at the interface, making the redox reaction sluggish. Hence, controlled Pd nanoparticles growth is observed, which evolves Pd broccolis (Pd NBRs) and Pd nanorods (Pd NRs) at the interface in the presence of NiBr₂ and CuBr₂, respectively, in the aqueous solution. Thus, the effect of diverse metal bromides in the reaction mixture for tailor‐made growth of the various Pd NS is reported. Among the as‐synthesized materials, the Pd NWs stand to be superior catalysts and their efficiency is almost 6 and 2.5 times higher than commercial 20 % Pd/C in the electrooxidation of ethanol and Cr^VI reduction reaction by formic acid, respectively.     

Influence of adsorbed oxygen on charge transport and chlorine gas-sensing characteristics of thin cobalt phthalocyanine films

We have investigated the morphology, charge transport, and gas-sensing characteristics of thin films of cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPc) deposited on glass and sapphire substrates, using molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). CoPc films deposited on glass were found to be highly disordered. The ambient oxygen was found to be chemisorbed and created deep trap states, which led not only to hysteretic current-voltage (J-V) characteristics but also reduce the charge mobility. These properties render them unsuitable for gas-sensing. On the other hand, films deposited on sapphire were polycrystalline, which was attributed to an improved molecule-substrate interaction. The physically sorbed oxygen only created shallow traps, and the J-V characteristics were non-hysteretic, rendering them suitable for gas-sensing applications. It was demonstrated that the ultrathin (20 nm) CoPc films deposited on sapphire acted as highly sensitive and selective sensors for chlorine present in the w _Cl concentration range of 5 × 10⁻⁹−2 × 10⁻⁶ (5–2000 ppb).     

Moving heat source response in micropolar half-space with two-temperature theory

The present paper deals with the moving heat source response in a homogeneous, isotropic, micropolar semi-infinite medium in the presence of a finite rotation about its axis. In this context, two-temperature generalized thermoelasticity theory has been considered. In order to obtain the physical aspects of displacement, microrotation, stress distribution and temperature changes, a complex quartic equation has been solved by employing Descartes’ algorithm with the help of an irreducible Cardan’s method. To illustrate the analytical developments, the numerical solutions have been carried out for aluminum–epoxy composite, and the variations in displacement, microrotation, stress distribution and temperature changes have been shown graphically. This work may find applications in geophysics.     

Resurgence of oscillation in coupled oscillators under delayed cyclic interaction

This paper investigates the emergence of amplitude death and revival of oscillations from the suppression states in a system of coupled dynamical units interacting through delayed cyclic mode. In order to resurrect the oscillation from amplitude death state, we introduce asymmetry and feedback parameter in the cyclic coupling forms as a result of which the death region shrinks due to higher asymmetry and lower feedback parameter values for coupled oscillatory systems. Some analytical conditions are derived for amplitude death and revival of oscillations in two coupled limit cycle oscillators and corresponding numerical simulations confirm the obtained theoretical results. We also report that the death state and revival of oscillations from quenched state are possible in the network of identical coupled oscillators. The proposed mechanism has also been examined using chaotic Lorenz oscillator.     

Propagation of SH-wave in a corrugated viscous sandy layer sandwiched between two elastic half-spaces

The present paper attempts to investigate the effect of sandiness, corrugated boundary surfaces, heterogeneity, and gravity on phase velocity and attenuation of SH-wave propagating in a viscous sandy layer with corrugated upper and lower boundary surfaces sandwiched between an upper heterogeneous elastic half-space and lower viscoelastic half-space under gravity. Heterogeneity associated with the upper half-space is due to exponentially varying density which is a function of depth; but the rigidity is constant. The closed form of dispersion relation is established and found to be in complex form. Real part and imaginary part of the dispersion relation correspond to dispersion curve and attenuation curve, respectively. One of the salient points of present study is the use of DEBYE asymptotic expansion to establish that the obtained dispersion relation is in well-agreement with the classical Love wave equation in isotropic case. The effect of presence and absence of corrugated boundary surfaces, measured by initial flatness parameter, on dispersion and attenuation curves have been meticulously examined. Moreover, the substantial effect of heterogeneity, sandiness, internal friction, and Biot’s gravity parameter on phase velocity and attenuation coefficient of SH-wave has been studied and demonstrated by means of graphical illustration and numerical computations.     

Biomolecule induced nanoparticle aggregation: effect of particle size on interparticle coupling

Gold nanoparticles of variable sizes have been prepared by reducing HAuCl(4) with trisodium citrate by Frens' method. It has been found that the gold particles under consideration produce well-ordered aggregates upon interaction with a biomolecule, glutathione in variable acidic pH condition and exhibit pronounced changes in their optical properties arising due to electromagnetic interaction in the close-packed assembly. The effect of nanoparticle size on the nature of aggregation as well as the variation in the optical response due to variable degree of interparticle coupling effects amongst the gold particles have been investigated. The optical properties of the gold aggregates have been accounted in the light of Maxwell-Garnett effective medium theory considering the changes in the filling factor in different aggregates produced by variable sizes of gold colloids. The aggregates have been characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy, FTIR, Raman, XRD and TEM studies. It has been observed that a new peak appearing at a longer wavelength intensifies and shifts further to the red from the original peak position depends on the particle size, concentration of glutathione and pH of the solution. On the basis of the first appearance of a clearly defined new peak at longer wavelength, a higher sensitivity of glutathione detection has been achieved with gold nanoparticles of larger dimension.