Droplet aggregation is an important cause of instability in emulsions because it may, on one hand, lead to an increased creaming rate, resulting in fast separation of a concentrated emulsion phase (creamed layer). On the other hand, it may also lead to the formation of a stabilizing, droplet-based network. Early detection of instability is often difficult due to the high turbidity and viscosity of more concentrated food emulsions. The applicability of diffusing-wave spectroscopy (DWS) for monitoring droplet aggregation and creaming was studied using a model system consisting of a protein-stabilized emulsion, to which a soluble polymer ("thickener") was added. This addition leads to an increased solvent viscosity and may induce droplet aggregation. In addition, the redistribution process of emulsion droplets in aggregating concentrated emulsions was directly observed by confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM). By DWS the decrease of the droplet mobility caused by the viscosity increase of the continuous phase could be separated from the effect of droplet aggregation. Moreover, a distinction could be made between aggregation, leading to increased creaming rates and that leading to the formation of a stabilizing droplet network. The potential of DWS for in situ measurement of the stability of concentrated emulsions is discussed. Copyright 2000 Academic Press. 相似文献
A space X is said to be κ-resolvable (resp., almost κ-resolvable) if it contains κ dense sets that are pairwise disjoint (resp., almost disjoint over the ideal of nowhere dense subsets). X is maximally resolvable if and only if it is Δ(X)-resolvable, where Δ(X) = min{|G| : G ≠ open}.
We show that every crowded monotonically normal (in short: MN) space is ω-resolvable and almost μ-resolvable, where μ = min{2ω, ω2}. On the other hand, if κ is a measurable cardinal then there is a MN space X with Δ(X) = κ such that no subspace of X is ω1-resolvable.
Any MN space of cardinality < ℵω is maximally resolvable. But from a supercompact cardinal we obtain the consistency of the existence of a MN space X with |X| = Δ(X) = ℵω such that no subspace of X is ω2-resolvable.
The preparation of this paper was supported by OTKA grant no. 61600 相似文献
(a) In a model obtained by adding2Cohen reals, there is always a c.c.c. complete Boolean algebra without the weak Freese-Nation property. (b) Modulo the consistency strength of a supercompact cardinal, the existence of a c.c.c. complete Boolean algebra without the weak Freese-Nation property is consistent with GCH. (c) If a weak form of □μand cof([μ]0,)=μ+ hold for each μ>cf(μ)=ω, then the weak Freese-Nation property ofis equivalent to the weak Freese-Nation property of any of
or
for uncountable κ. (d) Modulo the consistency of (ω+1,ω)(1,0), it is consistent with GCH thatdoes not have the weak Freese-Nation property and hence the assertion in (c) does not hold, and also that addingωCohen reals destroys the weak Freese-Nation property of
.
These results solve all of the problems except Problem 1 in S. Fuchino, L. Soukup, Fundament. Math. 154 (1997) 159–176, and some other problems posed by Geschke. 相似文献
A series of lanthanide compounds of type Ln(NCS)(HMPA)4,(μ-SCN)2HgCl(SCN) (Ln = Pr, Nd, Eu) were synthesized and grown in the form of single crystals. The crystal structure of the neodymium complex was determined by X-ray diffraction. Its space group is Cc, with the following unit cell parameters; a = 17.338(3) Å, b = 15.795(3) Å, c = 21.828(4) Å, β = 107.65(3)°. The structure has an unexpected architecture in which one Cl? ion, four SCN? ions, and four oxygen atoms of HMPA groups are engaged in the metal ion coordination. The binuclear complex is composed of two types of subunits; seven coordinated Nd (III) and four coordinated Hg (II). The results obtained were compared with the earlier published data on the crystal structures of polynuclear complexes with ions of the IIa group (Zn or Cd). Luminescence, excitation of luminescence and absorption spectra of lanthanide (Pr, Nd, Eu) single crystals, as well as vibrational IR and Raman spectra at 293, 77 and 4K, were recorded. Non-trivial results of reabsorption of the d-level of Pr(III) emission by 3H4 → 3 PJ, 1D2 transitions were observed with simultaneous detection of emission from the 3P0 level after excitation in the UV region. The experimental oscillator strengths of the transitions were determined from the absorption spectra and parametrized in terms of the Judd-Ofelt intensity parameters Ωλ (λ = 2, 4, 6). Satisfactory results for the calculation with low errors of estimation of the parameters were obtained for a crystal of the Nd-Hg compound, which reproduced the intensities of the electronic transitions well. Positive values of Ωλ were evaluated for Pr(III) after including the 3H4 → 3F2 hypersensitive transition (obeying selection rules δJ = 2, δL = 2) in the calculations. Based on the above results, the radiative rate constant can be determined. Strong vibronic components were found in the low temperature spectra for both types of ligands involved in metal ion coordination. The vibronic transitions are mainly associated with modes of groups directly coordinated to the metal ions. Electron-phonon coupling including the resonant vibronic effect was analysed based on IR and Raman data. Magnetic susceptibility measurements were carried out down to 1.7 K. Correlation of the spectra and magnetic properties with details of the structure of the title compound was studied. 相似文献
The phase behaviour of the middle-phase microemulsion for the quaternary system lauric-N-methylglucamide (MEGA-12)/n-butanollalkane/water has been studied with Winsor type, δ-γ, fishlike and novel ε-β fishlike phase diagrams. A series of phase inversions Winsor I (2)→Ⅲ(3)→Ⅱ ( 2 ) were observed for the three kinds of phase diagrams. The phase types, the phase volumes and the range of alcohol concentrations from the beginning to the end of the middle-phase microemulsion were obtained from Winsor phase diagram. From δ-γ, fishlike phase diagram, the physicochemical parameters, such as the mass fraction of n-butanol in the hydrophile-lipophile balanced inteffacial layer, A^s, the coordinates of the start and end points of the middle-phase microemulsion, and the solubilities of MEGA-12 and n-butanol in alkane phase were calculated. The novel ε-β fishlike phase diagram was also presented. From this kind of diagram, the above experimental phenomena were observed and the physicochemical parameters were calculated precisely. The novel fishlike phase diagram has advantages over the Winsor and δ-γ fishlike phase diagrams in the evaluation of the solubilization power of the microemulsion and calculation of the related physicochemical parameters. 相似文献
Voriconazole is a very potent antifungal agent used to treat serious fungal infections (candidiasis); it is also the therapy
of choice for aspergillosis. After standard dosing, several factors affect exposure of voriconazole, resulting in large variability
and demanding further elucidation of drug distribution. For measurements at the site of action, microdialysis is considered
to be an outstanding minimally invasive method. For determination of voriconazole in microdialysate and human plasma a new,
efficient, reliable, and robust HPLC assay using UV detection at 254 nm has been developed and validated. After simple sample
preparation using acetonitrile for plasma and for microdialysate, 20 μL were injected and separated on an RP-18 column. The
chromatographic run time was less than 4 min. Overall, the assay showed high precision (CV 93.9 to 99.5%) and accuracy (RE
−96.7 to +107%) for both matrices. Of the 36 drug products typically co-administered with voriconazole, none except ambroxol
interfered with its peak signal, and this interference was successfully managed. In summary, the method is highly suitable
for application in (pre)clinical microdialysis studies, e.g., of critically ill patients with invasive mycoses.
Figure Microdialysis probe situated in the interstitial space fluid containing voriconazole drug molecules (magenta coloured) extracting
an important target site representative matrix (microdialysate) [Courtesy of CMA] 相似文献
Two ex-situ and one in-situ semi-pilot plant UCG experiments in the experimental mine Barbara were performed with hard coal and lignite samples. To evaluate the influence of the UCG process on the textural properties of surrounding strata and coals, samples from various locations of the coal seam and the stratum samples before and after the UCG process were collected. Mercury porosimetry, helium pycnometry, and physical adsorption of nitrogen were used for the determination of textural properties of samples. Permeation gas transport was modelled based on the knowledge of the real structure characteristics of the stratum samples by the Mean Transport-Pore Model (MTPM). Influence of the individual texture and transport parameters on the post processing gas transport through porous strata with respect to the variability of their possible values was also evaluated. 相似文献