The synthesis and characterization of copper(II)–<Emphasis Type="Italic">p</Emphasis>-aminosalicylate complexes with diamine ligands

The complexes were synthesized by the reaction between sodium salt of p-aminosalicylic acid (PAS) and Cu(II) for 1 and corresponding ethylenediamine (en) or its derivatives for 2–6. The complexes were characterized by using elemental analyses, FT-IR, UV–Vis, magnetic moment measurements, and thermal analyses techniques. In complex 1[Cu₂(PA)₄(H₂O)₂], two Cu(II) ions were found as bridged by four μ-O:O′ p-aminosalicylato (PA) ligands, forming a cage structure, and two aqua ligands to form dinuclear square-pyramidal geometry around Cu(II) ions. In the complexes 2–6, the PA (anionic form of p-aminosalicylic acid) coordinated to Cu(II) ions as monodentate manner by using its oxygen atom of deprotonated carboxylic acid and ethylenediamine derivatives coordinated to the Cu(II) ions in bidentate manner to form mononuclear octahedral complexes [Cu(PA)₂(L)₂] (L = ethylendiamine, N,N-dimethylethylendiamine, N,N′-dimethylethylendiamine, N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylendiamine, and 1,3-propanediamine, for complexes 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, respectively). In all the complexes OH and NH₂ groups of PA ligands were not coordinated to metals.     

Dynamics of Ginzburg‐Landau Vortices

(Accepted August 19, 1996)     

On a generalization of semisimple modules

Let R be a ring with identity. A module \(M_R\) is called an r-semisimple module if for any right ideal I of R, MI is a direct summand of \(M_R\) which is a generalization of semisimple and second modules. We investigate when an r-semisimple ring is semisimple and prove that a ring R with the number of nonzero proper ideals \(\le \)4 and \(J(R)=0\) is r-semisimple. Moreover, we prove that R is an r-semisimple ring if and only if it is a direct sum of simple rings and we investigate the structure of module whenever R is an r-semisimple ring.     

Optimal investment strategies with a reallocation constraint

We study a Merton type optimization problem under a reallocation constraint. Under this restriction, the stock holdings can not be liquidated faster than a certain rate. This is a common restriction in certain type of investment firms. Our main objective is to study the large time optimal growth rate of the expected value of the utility from wealth. We also consider a discounted infinite horizon problem as a step towards understanding the first problem. A numerical study is done by solving the dynamic programming equations. Under the assumption of a power utility function, an appropriate dimension reduction argument is used to reduce the original problem to a two dimensional one in a bounded domain with convenient boundary conditions. Computation of the optimal growth rate introduces additional numerical difficulties as the straightforward approach is unstable. In this direction, new analytical results characterizing the growth rate as the limit of a sequence of finite horizon problems with continuously derived utility are proved.     

Hubbing and routing in postal delivery systems

We consider the combined hubbing and routing problem in postal delivery systems and develop an iterative two-stage solution procedure for the problem. In the first stage, hub locations are determined and postal offices are multiply allocated to the hubs. The second stage gives the routes in hub regions that alter the distances between points used in the hub-location problem. The procedure then iterates between two stages by updating the distances used in hubbing in order to produce a route-compatible hub configuration. Computational experience is reported for the test problems taken from the literature. For a case study Turkish postal delivery system data are utilized. As the case study is applied on a road network, a final stage, seeking improvements based on special structures in the routed network, is appended to the two-stage solution procedure.     

Inventory control with an order-time constraint: optimality,uniqueness and significance

This paper analyzes a stochastic inventory problem with an order-time constraint that restricts the times at which a manufacturer places new orders to a supplier. This constraint stems from the limited upstream capacity in a supply chain, such as production capacity at a supplier or transportation capacity between a supplier and a manufacturer. Consideration of limited upstream capacity extends the classical inventory literature that unrealistically assumes infinite supplier/transporter capacity. But this consideration increases the complexity of the problem. We study the constraint under a Poisson demand process and allow for a fixed ordering cost. In presence of the constraint, we establish the optimality of an (s,S) policy under both the discounted and average cost objectives. Under the average cost objective, we show the uniqueness of the order-up-to level S. We numerically compare our model with the classical unconstrained model. We report significant savings in costs that can be achieved by using our model when the order time is constrained.     

Thermal characterization of Er-doped and Er–Gd co-doped ceria-based electrolyte materials for SOFC

Ce_1?xEr_xO₂ and Ce_1?2xEr_xGd_xO₂ co-doped ceria electrolyte nanopowder materials were successfully prepared by sol–gel method. Depending on the temperature, the crystal structure changes were analyzed by X-ray diffraction. It was observed that the crystal size of the electrolytes decreased depending on the temperature and the time. X-ray diffraction results confirmed cubic fluorite structure in the samples. The microstructural properties of the samples were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, and thermal stability measurement was performed by thermogravimetric and differential thermal analyses. The total electrical conductivity of the nanopowder electrolytes was determined by the dc four-point probe technique in air at temperatures ranging from room temperature to 1373 K. The four-probe conductivity results revealed that Ce_0.8Er_0.1Gd_0.1O₂ has a higher ionic conductivity compared to Ce_0.83Er_0.17O₂ at 1123 K. The four-probe conductivity results show that both Ce_1?xEr_xO₂ and Ce_1?2xEr_xGd_xO₂ solid electrolytes have potential application to oxide ionic conductor for solid oxide fuel cells.     

Acid modified diatomaceous earth--a sorbent material for thin layer chromatography

Natural diatomaceous earth (DE) is modified by flux calcination and refluxing with acid. To characterize natural DE, modified DE's [flux calcinated (FC)DE and FCDE-I] and silica gel 60GF(254) (Si-60GF(254)) are analyzed microscopically, physically, and chemically by various techniques. FCDE-I and Si-60GF(254) are investigated for their usefulness in the stationary phase of thin layer chromatography (TLC) both individually and in composition. Sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (DEDTC) and ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate (PyDTC) are prepared as Co or Cu (M) complexes [M(DEDTC)(2) and M(PyDTC)(2), respectively]. These complexes and their mixtures are run on thin layers of Si-60GF(254) and FCDE-I individually, and on various FCDE-I and Si-60GF(254) mixtures. Pure toluene and various toluene-cyclohexane mixtures (3:1, 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, v/v) are used as mobile phases for the running the complexes. The best analytical separations of both M(DEDTC)(2) and M(PyDTC)(2) complexes are obtained when using pure toluene and toluene-cyclohexane (3:1, 1:1, v/v) as mobile phases on FCDE-I-Si-60GF(254) (1:3, 1:1, w/w) layers as stationary phases. This study shows that it is possible to qualitatively analyze and to satisfactorily separate a mixture Cu(2+) and Co(2+) cations on cited chromatographic systems.     

Co(II) and Cu(II) Schiff base complexes of bis(<Emphasis Type="Italic">N</Emphasis>-(4-diethylamino-2-methylphenyl)-3,5-di-<Emphasis Type="Italic">tert</Emphasis>-butylsalicylaldimine): Electrochemical and X-ray structural study

Copper(II) and cobalt(II) complexes of salicylaldimine obtained by the condensation of N,N-diethyl-2-methyl-1,4-phenylenediamine with 3,5-di-tert-butyl-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses, magnetic susceptibility measurements, cyclic voltammetry, and FT-IR and UV–Vis spectroscopy. The molecular structure of the title copper(II) complex was determined by the single crystal X-ray diffraction technique. The Cu(II) center is coordinated by four atoms of the donor set in a compressed tetrahedral trans-[N₂O₂] environment, which can be essentially ascribed to the presence of bulky fragments of the ligand. The computed bond valences of the copper verify +2 oxidation state and indicate that the copper bonds, in particular Cu–N bonds, are elongated due to steric effects from bulky substituents in the ligands, N-(4-diethylamino-2-methylphenyl). Intermolecular C–H···π interactions leading to centrosymmetric synthons serve to stabilize periodic organization of the molecules.     

Detection of Variation in Long-Term Micropropagated Mature Pistachio via DNA-Based Molecular Markers

Determination of genetic stability of in vitro-grown plantlets is needed for safe and large-scale production of mature trees. In this study, genetic variation of long-term micropropagated mature pistachio developed through direct shoot bud regeneration using apical buds (protocol A) and in vitro-derived leaves (protocol B) was assessed via DNA-based molecular markers. Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR), and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) were employed, and the obtained PIC values from RAPD (0.226), ISSR (0.220), and AFLP (0.241) showed that micropropagation of pistachio for different periods of time resulted in “reasonable polymorphism” among donor plant and its 18 clones. Mantel’s test showed a consistence polymorphism level between marker systems based on similarity matrices. In conclusion, this is the first study on occurrence of genetic variability in long-term micropropagated mature pistachio plantlets. The obtained results clearly indicated that different marker approaches used in this study are reliable for assessing tissue culture-induced variations in long-term cultured pistachio plantlets.