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In this paper we prove that the language of all primitive (strongly primitive) words over a nontrivial alphabet can be generated by certain types of Marcus contextual grammars. 相似文献
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We propose different nonparametric tests for multivariate data and derive their asymptotic distribution for unbalanced designs in which the number of factor levels tends to infinity (large a, small ni case). Quasi gratis, some new parametric multivariate tests suitable for the large a asymptotic case are also obtained. Finite sample performances are investigated and compared in a simulation study. The nonparametric tests are based on separate rankings for the different variables. In the presence of outliers, the proposed nonparametric methods have better power than their parametric counterparts. Application of the new tests is demonstrated using data from plant pathology. 相似文献
67.
Xinnan Zhang Gang‐Chi Chen Andrew Collins Solomon Jacobson Paul Morganelli Yadunandan L. Dar Osama M. Musa 《Journal of polymer science. Part A, Polymer chemistry》2009,47(4):1073-1084
New thermosetting materials were developed for reworkable adhesive applications by introducing acetal ester groups as thermally degradable linkages into maleimide compounds. The synthesis of compounds containing maleimide functionality and acetal ester linkages was conducted by a one‐step neat reaction from commercially available materials. The polymerization process and thermal degradation of the synthesized materials were studied. It was found that the acetal ester linkage degraded rapidly above 225 °C, and introduction of this linkage into the adhesive formulation led to improved reworkability of adhesively bonded substrates. A mechanism for reworkability was proposed based on the insight provided by experimental and modeling work. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 1073–1084, 2009 相似文献
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Claire A. Krasinski Benjamin L. Solomon Firas F. Awwadi Christopher P. Landee Jan L. Wikaira 《Journal of Coordination Chemistry》2017,70(5):914-935
Reaction of 4-amino-2-fluoropyridine (2-F-4-AP) with copper halides produced the neutral coordination complexes: (2-F-4-AP)2CuX2 (X = Cl(1), Br(2)). 1 crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pccn in a distorted square planar geometry. Magnetic susceptibility data were fit to the uniform chain Heisenberg model resulting in C = 0.439(6)emu-K/mole-Oe and J = ?28(1) K. 2 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/m and is closer to distorted tetrahedral. Intermolecular Br?Cu contacts generate a square layer. Magnetic data show very weak ferromagnetic interactions [C = 0.42(1)emu-K/mol-Oe, J = 0.71(2) K]. Similarly, reaction of 2-F-4-AP with copper halides and aqueous HX in alcohol solvents produced the salts (2-F-4-APH)2CuX4 (X = Cl(3), Br(4)). 3 crystallizes in the triclinic space group P-1. Crystal packing reveals short Cl?Cl contacts which generate a structural ladder. However, analysis of the magnetic data suggests that only the rails of the ladder produce a viable magnetic superexchange pathway; the uniform Heisenberg chain model provides C = 0.449(1)emu-K/mol-Oe and J = -6.9(1) K. 4 is isostructural and is also best fit by a chain model [J = ?2.7(4) K]. The brominated complex (2-F-3-Br-4-APH)2CuBr4·2H2O, 5, (2-F-3-Br-4-APH = 4-amino-3-bromo-2-fluoropyridinium) was serendipitously produced as a byproduct of the synthesis of 4 and was characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. 相似文献
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Yosef E. Maruvka Nadav M. Shnerb Sorin Solomon Gur Yaari David A. Kessler 《Journal of statistical physics》2011,142(6):1302-1316
The inference of past demographic parameters from current genetic polymorphism is a fundamental problem in population genetics.
The standard techniques utilize a reconstruction of the gene-genealogy, a cumbersome process that may be applied only to small
numbers of sequences. We present a method that compares the total number of haplotypes (distinct sequences) with the model
prediction. By chopping the DNA sequence into pieces we condense the immense information hidden in sequence space into a function
for the number of haplotypes versus subsequence size. The details of this curve are robust to statistical fluctuations and
are seen to reflect the process parameters. This procedure allows for a clear visualization of the quality of the fit and,
crucially, the numerical complexity grows only linearly with the number of sequences. Our procedure is tested against both
simulated data as well as empirical mtDNA data from China and provides excellent fits in both cases. 相似文献
70.
We prove that the length of the boundary of a J-holomorphic curve with Lagrangian boundary conditions is dominated by a constant times its area. The constant depends on the symplectic form, the almost complex structure, the Lagrangian boundary conditions and the genus. A similar result holds for the length of the real part of a real J-holomorphic curve. The infimum over J of the constant properly normalized gives an invariant of Lagrangian submanifolds. We calculate this invariant to be \({2\pi}\) for the Lagrangian submanifold \({\mathbb{R} P^n \subset \mathbb{C} P^n.}\) We apply our result to prove compactness of moduli of J-holomorphic maps to non-compact target spaces that are asymptotically exact. In a different direction, our result implies the adic convergence of the superpotential. 相似文献