Neutrino cosmology

Cosmological data are reviewed questioning whether the universe may be open and dominated by neutrinos and gravitons rather than by baryons. The thermal history of the Lepton Era is investigated incorporating the effects of neutral currents, additional neutrinos, and a small neutrino mass. In the canonical version of Big Bang cosmology (equal numbers of neutrinos and antineutrinos), the neutrino number and energy density is, like that of photons, gravitationally insignificant unless the neutrino has a small mass (10 eV). The neutrino sea can be cosmologically significant if it is degenerate (so that the net leptonic or muonic charge is nonzero) with7×10 ⁵ neutrinos (or antineutrinos) per cm.³ This density homogeneously spread out is still so low that even the most energetic cosmic ray protons will not be stopped, even if neutral currents exist with the usual weak strength. If these degenerate neutrinos have a small mass (0.5 eV), they will condense into degenerate neutrino superstars of the size and mass of galactic clusters. If neutral currents make the (ev) (ev) coupling five times greater than what it is in V — A theory, nucleosynthesis commences a little earlier than conventionally assumed. This increases the cosmological He⁴ abundance predicted only slightly from Y= 0.27 to Y= 0.29. An appendix reviews the effect of neutral currents on neutrino processes in stars.Supported in part by the U.S.A.E.C.     

Optimized Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles by Factorial Design with Application for the Determination of Melamine in Milk

A colorimetric method based on silver nanoparticles was developed for the determination of melamine in milk. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized without any stabilizer, using sodium borohydride as the reducing agent. Optimization of the variables for the formation of the nanoparticles was performed by factorial design, resulting in stable colloidal silver nanoparticles with a mean diameter of 14.0?±?2.7?nm. Spectrophotometric measurements performed at 475?nm showed a linear range from 0.033 to 1.50?mg?L^?1 of melamine with limits of detection and quantification of 0.009 and 0.031?mg?L^?1, respectively. The method provided highly sensitive determination of melamine in milk.     

Multivariate Regular Variation of Discrete Mass Functions with Applications to Preferential Attachment Networks

Regular variation of a multivariate measure with a Lebesgue density implies the regular variation of its density provided the density satisfies some regularity conditions. Unlike the univariate case, the converse also requires regularity conditions. We extend these arguments to discrete mass functions and their associated measures using the concept that the mass function can be embedded in a joint density function with continuous arguments. We give two different conditions, monotonicity and convergence on the unit sphere, both of which can make the discrete function embeddable. Our results are then applied to the preferential attachment network model, and we conclude that the joint mass function of in- and out-degree is embeddable and thus regularly varying.     

Proto‐Urea‐RNA (Wöhler RNA) Containing Unusually Stable Urea Nucleosides

The RNA world hypothesis assumes that life on Earth began with nucleotides that formed information‐carrying RNA oligomers able to self‐replicate. Prebiotic reactions leading to the contemporary nucleosides are now known, but their execution often requires specific starting materials and lengthy reaction sequences. It was therefore proposed that the RNA world was likely proceeded by a proto‐RNA world constructed from molecules that were likely present on the early Earth in greater abundance. Herein, we show that the prebiotic starting molecules bis‐urea (biuret) and tris‐urea (triuret) are able to directly react with ribose. The urea‐ribosides are remarkably stable because they are held together by a network of intramolecular, bifurcated hydrogen bonds. This even allowed the synthesis of phosphoramidite building blocks and incorporation of the units into RNA. Investigations of the nucleotides’ base‐pairing potential showed that triuret:G RNA base pairs closely resemble U:G wobble base pairs. Based on the probable abundance of urea on the early Earth, we postulate that urea‐containing RNA bases are good candidates for a proto‐RNA world.     

Calcium polyphosphate coacervates: effects of thermal treatment

The addition of calcium chloride eletrolyte to sodium polyphosphate solutions lead to Calcium polyphosphate coacervates. The effects of a thermal treatment were investigated with the objective to increase the relative stability of the obtained material. Thermogravimetry analysis indicates that coacervates became less hydrophilic and more thermally stable after the thermal treatment. Crystallization was identified through differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction. Morphological changes were observed after the thermal treatment by scanning electron microscopy. N₂ adsorption?Cdesorption isotherms suggest that both materials, thermally treated or not, display type IV isotherms, low superficial area and mesoporous structure. Stability experiments in solutions at different pH values show that the thermally treated calcium polyphosphate is relatively more stable than the non-treated coacervate.     

Fusion Reaction Gas Chromatography

The conventional gas chromatograph is an efficient tool for separating mixtures of volatile compounds into their individual components for quantitative measurement and for preparative isolation of the components. Many compounds, however, are nonvolatile or lack sufficient volatility for gas chromatographic separation. These compounds may contain polar functional groups (i.e.r -COOH, -OH, -NO₂ -NH₂, etc.), which cause low volatility or poor chroma tographic behavior, or ionic groups (i.e., -SO₃Na, R₄NX-SO₄Na, -WNCl, etc.), which are either completely nonvolatile or thermal unstable. Other compounds have too large molecular weights for conventional gas chromatographic separation.     

Mean-field versus microconvection effects in nanofluid thermal conduction

Transient hot-wire data on thermal conductivity of suspensions of silica and perfluorinated particles show agreement with the mean-field theory of Maxwell but not with the recently postulated microconvection mechanism. The influence of interfacial thermal resistance, convective effects at microscales, and the possibility of thermal conductivity enhancements beyond the Maxwell limit are discussed.     

Bacterial cellulose/triethanolamine based ion-conducting membranes

New bacterial cellulose (BC)–triethanolamine (TEA) ion-conducting membranes have been prepared and characterized. The samples were obtained by soaking BC membranes in triethanolamine aqueous solutions and drying. The scanning electron microscopy pictures revealed that the incorporation of TEA in BC membranes covers the cellulose microfibrils. Raman spectra exhibited BC and TEA characteristic group frequencies and thermal analysis evidenced an influence of TEA content on the sample thermal stability. The ion-conductivity as a function of the temperature showed an Arrhenius behavior increasing from 1.8 × 10^?5 S/cm at room temperature to 7.0 × 10^?4 S/cm at 80 °C for the BC–TEA 1 M sample.     

Oxygen initiated combustion: Thermochemistry and kinetics of unsaturated hydrocarbons

The thermochemistry and kinetics of the initiation reactions involved in the oxidation of unsaturated fuels are explored. The thermochemistry of intermediate radicals, diradicals, and molecular species involved are estimated using group additivity with some assistance from bond additivity. Kinetic parameters are estimated with the techniques of thermochemical kinetics. In the case of acetylene, estimated rate constants are in excellent agreement with experimental results on the induction period and flame speed. It is shown that the route initiated by O₂ addition to an unsaturated carbon atom to produce a 1,4 diradical is faster than any other path available to form radicals capable of propagating a chain. The 1,4 diradicals so produced can generally cyclize to form a dioxetane which exothermically opens to a dialdehyde which is the ultimate radical source. Below 1000 K unsaturates will always initiate oxidation faster than saturated fuels. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.