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61.
We have analyzed the transfer efficiency of ballistic electron emission microscopy (BEEM), taking the finite spot size of the emitted electron beam from scanning probes into account. Three-dimensional diffraction from an aperture at a surface-metal/air interface is introduced to model an effect caused by the finiteness of spot size. As a general trend, the diffraction decreases BEEM transfer efficiency. The diffraction effect increases as the spot size decreases and the air-gap distance increases. In a Au/GaAs sample, BEEM transfer efficiency markedly deteriorates down to 6% of the value derived from a conventional planar tunneling theory when a spot size of 0.2 nm, an air-gap distance of 0.6 nm, and an electron energy of 0.2 eV, measured from the bottom of the GaAs conduction band, are assumed. BEEM transfer efficiency is markedly dependent on the spot size of the emitted hot electron. This result indicates that the BEEM current depends on the spatial resolution of the scanning probe, that is, the condition of the tip apex. 相似文献
62.
Y. Nojiri 《Hyperfine Interactions》1990,60(1-4):599-614
Experimental developments recently made in the beta-NMR measurements are reviewed. For production of polarized beta-emitters,
the tilted foil technique has been successfully combined with the NMR. The low- and intermediate-energy heavy-ion reactions
were recently found to be another sources of polarized beta-emitters. To achieve wide applicability of the NMR technique to
nuclei far from stability, the tilted foil technique and the projectile fragmentation process in high-energy heavy-ion collisions
were recently combined with the beta-NMR technique in the fragment separator built at the LBL. 相似文献
63.
T. Minamisono Y. Nojiri K. Matsuta K. Takeyama A. Kitagawa T. Ohtsubo A. Ozawa 《Hyperfine Interactions》1990,59(1-4):31-40
Electromagnetic moments of doubly closed shell ±1 nucleon nuclei were studied. Recent technical developments of the β-NMR
was shown that was applicable for the polarized β emitters. Also, the implication of those new moments were discussed especially
on the nuclear interactions and non nucleonic degrees of freedom. 相似文献
64.
Komal Garg Yasuo Matsubara Mehmed Z. Ertem Anna Lewandowska‐Andralojc Shunsuke Sato David J. Szalda James T. Muckerman Etsuko Fujita 《Angewandte Chemie (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2015,127(47):14334-14338
We prepared two geometric isomers of [Ir(tpy)(ppy)H]+, previously proposed as a key intermediate in the photochemical reduction of CO2 to CO, and characterized their notably different ground‐ and excited‐state interactions with CO2 and their hydricities using experimental and computational methods. Only one isomer, C‐trans‐[Ir(tpy)(ppy)H]+, reacts with CO2 to generate the formato complex in the ground state, consistent with its calculated hydricity. Under photocatalytic conditions in CH3CN/TEOA, a common reactive C‐trans‐[Ir(tpy)(ppy)]0 species, irrespective of the starting isomer or monodentate ligand (such as hydride or Cl), reacts with CO2 and produces CO with the same catalytic efficiency. 相似文献
65.
66.
Masashi NakamuraIsao Takahashi Shunsuke YamadaYasuo Dobashi Osamu Kitagawa 《Tetrahedron letters》2011,52(1):53-55
Intramolecular Diels-Alder reactions of various N-allyl 2-furoyl amides with different substituents on the nitrogen atom were investigated. The reaction of amides having bulky substituents proceeded at a faster rate than the analogs whose substituents were of less bulkiness. From the systematic experimental survey of the substituent effects and the energetic evaluation based on the DFT calculations at the B3LYP/6-31G(d) level, the enhanced reactivity was ascribed to the relief of steric strain upon cyclization rather than the amide rotational isomerism governed by the bulky substituents. 相似文献
67.
Alexei A. Belik Pan?e Naumov Jungeun Kim Shunsuke Tsuda 《Journal of solid state chemistry》2011,184(11):3128-3133
Low-temperature structural properties of the synthetic mineral libethenite Cu2PO4OH were investigated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction, specific heat measurements, and Raman spectroscopy. A second-order structural phase transition from the Pnnm symmetry (a=8.0553(8) Å, b=8.3750(9) Å, c=5.8818(6) Å at 180 K) to the P21/n symmetry (a=8.0545(8) Å, b=8.3622(9) Å, c=5.8755(6) Å, β=90.0012(15) at 120 K) was found at 160 K during cooling. At 120 K, the monoclinic angle is 90.0012(15) from single crystal X-ray data vs 90.083(1) from powder X-ray diffraction data. The P21/n–to–Pnnm transition may be a general feature of the adamite-type compounds, M2XO4OH. 相似文献
68.
69.
Aramburo LR Karwacki L Cubillas P Asahina S de Winter DA Drury MR Buurmans IL Stavitski E Mores D Daturi M Bazin P Dumas P Thibault-Starzyk F Post JA Anderson MW Terasaki O Weckhuysen BM 《Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2011,17(49):13773-13781
A combination of atomic force microscopy (AFM), high‐resolution scanning electron microscopy (HR‐SEM), focused‐ion‐beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB‐SEM), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), confocal fluorescence microscopy (CFM), and UV/Vis and synchrotron‐based IR microspectroscopy was used to investigate the dealumination processes of zeolite ZSM‐5 at the individual crystal level. It was shown that steaming has a significant impact on the porosity, acidity, and reactivity of the zeolite materials. The catalytic performance, tested by the styrene oligomerization and methanol‐to‐olefin reactions, led to the conclusion that mild steaming conditions resulted in greatly enhanced acidity and reactivity of dealuminated zeolite ZSM‐5. Interestingly, only residual surface mesoporosity was generated in the mildly steamed ZSM‐5 zeolite, leading to rapid crystal coloration and coking upon catalytic testing and indicating an enhanced deactivation of the zeolites. In contrast, harsh steaming conditions generated 5–50 nm mesopores, extensively improving the accessibility of the zeolites. However, severe dealumination decreased the strength of the Brønsted acid sites, causing a depletion of the overall acidity, which resulted in a major drop in catalytic activity. 相似文献
70.
Tsukamoto D Ikeda M Shiraishi Y Hara T Ichikuni N Tanaka S Hirai T 《Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2011,17(35):9816-9824
Semiconductor TiO2 particles loaded with WO3 (WO3/TiO2), synthesized by impregnation of tungstic acid followed by calcination, were used for photocatalytic oxidation of alcohols in water with molecular oxygen under irradiation at λ>350 nm. The WO3/TiO2 catalysts promote selective oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes and show higher catalytic activity than pure TiO2. In particular, a catalyst loading 7.6 wt % WO3 led to higher aldehyde selectivity than previously reported photocatalytic systems. The high aldehyde selectivity arises because subsequent photocatalytic decomposition of the formed aldehyde is suppressed on the catalyst. The TiO2 surface of the catalyst, which is active for oxidation, is partially coated by the WO3 layer, which leads to a decrease in the amount of formed aldehyde adsorbed on the TiO2 surface. This suppresses subsequent decomposition of the aldehyde on the TiO2 surface and results in high aldehyde selectivity. The WO3/TiO2 catalyst can selectively oxidize various aromatic alcohols and is reusable without loss of catalytic activity or selectivity. 相似文献