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61.
Shmuel Zilberg Yehuda Haas David Danovich Sason Shaik 《Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)》1998,37(10):1394-1397
A twin of the transition state , which can be investigated spectroscopically and can thus supply information about the structure of the transition state, has now been characterized for the Cope rearrangement of semibullvalene (shown below). It involves an excited state with B2 symmetry and results from a linear combination of the ground-state wave functions of (mirror-image) reactant and product. 相似文献
62.
Inspection games in arms control 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Rudolf Avenhaus Morton Canty D. Marc Kilgour Bernhard von Stengel Shmuel Zamir 《European Journal of Operational Research》1996,90(3):383
An inspection game is a mathematical model of a situation in which an inspector verifies the adherence of an inspectee to some legal obligation, such as an arms control treaty, where the inspectee may have an interest in violating that obligation. The mathematical analysis seeks to determine an optimal inspection scheme, ideally one which will induce legal behavior, under the assumption that the potential illegal action is carried out strategically; thus a non-cooperative game with two players, inspector and inspectee, is defined. Three phases of development in the application of such models to arms control and disarmament may be identified. In the first of these, roughly from 1961 through 1968, studies that focused on inspecting a nuclear test ban treaty emphasized game theory, with less consideration given to statistical aspects associated with data acquisition and measurement uncertainty. The second phase, from 1968 to about 1985, involves work stimulated by the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT). Here, the verification principle of material accountancy came to the fore, along with the need to include the formalism of statistical decision theory within the inspection models. The third phase, 1985 to the present, has been dominated by challenges posed by such far-reaching verification agreements as the Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces Agreement (INF), the Treaty on Conventional Forces in Europe (CFE) and the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), as well as perceived failures of the NPT system in Iraq and North Korea. In this connection, the interface between the political and technical aspects of verification is being examined from the game-theoretic viewpoint. 相似文献
63.
Jesús A. De Loera Edward D. Kim Shmuel Onn Francisco Santos 《Journal of Combinatorial Theory, Series A》2009,116(8):1306-1325
This paper discusses properties of the graphs of 2-way and 3-way transportation polytopes, in particular, their possible numbers of vertices and their diameters. Our main results include a quadratic bound on the diameter of axial 3-way transportation polytopes and a catalogue of non-degenerate transportation polytopes of small sizes. The catalogue disproves five conjectures about these polyhedra stated in the monograph by Yemelichev et al. (1984). It also allowed us to discover some new results. For example, we prove that the number of vertices of an m×n transportation polytope is a multiple of the greatest common divisor of m and n. 相似文献
64.
Binucleating behavior of rigid triptycene-based ligands has been studied. It has been demonstrated that trans-spanned transition-metal mononuclear complexes bearing 1,8-bis(diisopropylphosphino)triptycene (L1) and 1-diisopropylphosphino-8-diphenylphosphinotriptycene (L2) react with an appropriate transition-metal precursor via a ring-expansion pathway to form unusual bimetallic quasi-closed structures. New palladium and rhodium complexes featuring strongly bent (ca. 115 degrees ) M2(mu-Cl2) cores with very closely spanned metal centers (less than 3 A) have been prepared using the described ring-expansion reaction and have been fully characterized. Despite a constrained arrangement of the binuclear system, halogen bridges in all new compounds were stable in both the solid state and solution showing no tendency for dissociation even in the presence of added Lewis bases. Spontaneous resolution of the dissymmetric Pd2(mu-Cl)2Cl2(1-diisopropylphosphino-8-diphenylphosphinotriptycene) (2) into enantiopure antipodes is discussed as well. 相似文献
65.
Shmuel Yariv Isaak Lapides Mikhail Borisover 《Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry》2012,110(1):385-394
Na-montmorillonite was loaded with tetraethylammonium cations (TEA) or with benzyltrimethylammonium cations (BTMA) by replacing 77 and 81% of the exchangeable Na with TEA or BTMA, labeled TEA-MONT and BTMA-MONT, respectively. TEA- and BTMA-MONT were heated in air up to 900?°C. Thermally treated organoclays are used in our laboratory as sorbents of organic compounds from water. The two organoclays were studied by TG and DTG in air and under nitrogen. Carbon content in each of the heated sample was determined. They were diffracted by X-ray, and fitting calculations of d(001) peaks were performed on each diffractogram. TG and thermo-C analysis showed that at 150 and 250?°C both organoclays lost water but not intercalated ammonium cations. DTG peak of the first oxidation step of the organic cation with the formation of low-temperature stable charcoal (LTSC) appeared at 364 and 313?°C for TEA- and BTMA-MONT, respectively. The charcoal was gradually oxidized by air with further rise in temperature. DTG peak of the second oxidation step with the formation of high-temperature stable charcoal (HTSC) appeared at 397 and 380?°C for TEA- and BTMA-MONT, respectively. DTG peak of the final oxidation step of the organic matter appeared at 694 and 705?°C for TEA- and BTMA-MONT, respectively, after the dehydroxylation of the clay. Thermo-XRD analysis detected TEA-MONT tactoids with spacing 1.40 and 1.46?nm up to 300?°C. At 300 and 360?°C, LTSC-MONT tactoids were detected with spacing of 1.29?nm. At higher temperatures, HTSC-MONT-?? and -?? tactoids were detected with spacings of 1.28 and 1.13?nm, respectively. BTMA-MONT tactoids with spacings 1.46 and 1.53?nm were detected up to 250?°C. At 300 and 360?°C, LTSC-MONT tactoids were detected with a spacing of 1.38?nm. At higher temperatures, HTSC-MONT-?? and -?? tactoids were detected with spacings of 1.28 and 1.17?nm, respectively. At 650?°C, both clays were collapsed. HTSC-??-MONT differs from HTSC-??-MONT by having carbon atoms keying into the ditrigonal holes of the clay-O-planes. At 900?°C, the clay fraction is amorphous. Trace amounts of spinel and cristobalite are obtained from thermal recrystallization of amorphous meta-MONT. 相似文献
66.
Three related cyclic peptides, aeruginazole DA1497 (1), aeruginazole DA1304 (2), and aeruginazole DA1274 (3), were isolated from the freshwater cyanobacteria, Microcystis aeruginosa, bloom material collected on October 2007 from the Dalton water-reservoir in Northern Israel. Aeruginazoles DA1304 (2), DA1338 (4), and DA1372 (5) were isolated as an inseparable mixture from a bloom material of M. aeruginosa collected from the same water-reservoir on August 2000. Their structures were elucidated using a combination of various spectroscopic techniques, mainly NMR and MS, while the absolute stereochemistry of the chiral centers were determined by Marfey’s method. Aeruginazoles 1–3 were tested in various bioassays (antibacterial, cytotoxicity, and protease inhibition). Aeruginazole DA1497 (1) showed a mild antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, but was inactive like the rest of the compounds in all other bioassays. 相似文献
67.
We consider an infinitely repeated two-person zero-sum game with incomplete information on one side, in which the maximizer
is the (more) informed player. Such games have value v
∞ (p) for all 0≤p≤1. The informed player can guarantee that all along the game the average payoff per stage will be greater than or equal to
v
∞ (p) (and will converge from above to v
∞ (p) if the minimizer plays optimally). Thus there is a conflict of interest between the two players as to the speed of convergence
of the average payoffs-to the value v
∞ (p). In the context of such repeated games, we define a game for the speed of convergence, denoted SG
∞ (p), and a value for this game. We prove that the value exists for games with the highest error term, i.e., games in which v
n (p)− v
∞ (p) is of the order of magnitude of . In that case the value of SG
∞ (p) is of the order of magnitude of . We then show a class of games for which the value does not exist. Given any infinite martingale 𝔛∞={X
k }∞
k=1, one defines for each n : V
n (𝔛∞) ≔E∑n
k=1 |X
k+1 − X
k|. For our first result we prove that for a uniformly bounded, infinite martingale 𝔛∞, V
n (𝔛∞) can be of the order of magnitude of n
1/2−ε, for arbitrarily small ε>0.
Received January 1999/Final version April 2002 相似文献
68.
We prove the direct sum conjecture for various sets of systems of bilinear forms. Our results depend on a priori knowledge of the complexity of at least one of the direct summands and its underlying algebraic structure. We also briefly survey some previous results concerning the complexity and structure of minimal algorithms for various direct sum systems. 相似文献
69.
We determine the maximum spectral radius for 0–1 matrices with m2 + l ones for l=2m, 2m ? 3 for all m and for a fixed l and m> M(l). Similar results are obtained for symmetric 0–1 matrix with zero diagonal. In all cases, equality is characterized. 相似文献
70.
We discuss the perturbation of continuum eigenvalues without analyticity assumptions. Among our results, we show that generally a small perturbation removes these eigenvalues in accordance with Fermi's Golden Rule. Thus, generically (in a Baire category sense), the Schrödinger operator has no embedded non-threshold eigenvalues.Supported in part by NSF Grant DMS 8602826 相似文献