Electrical properties of Sb-doped epitaxial SnO2 thin films prepared using excimer-laser-assisted metal–organic deposition

Excimer-laser-assisted metal–organic deposition (ELAMOD) was used to prepare Sb-doped epitaxial (001) SnO₂ thin films on (001) TiO₂ substrates at room temperature. The effects of laser fluence, the number of shots with the laser, and Sb content on the electrical properties such as resistivity, carrier concentration, and carrier mobility of the films were investigated. The resistivity of the Sb-doped epitaxial (001) SnO₂ thin film prepared using an ArF laser was lower than that of the film prepared using a KrF laser. The van der Pauw method was used to measure the resistivity, carrier concentration, and carrier mobility of the Sb-doped epitaxial (001) SnO₂ thin films in order to determine the effect of Sb content on the electrical resistivity of the films. The lowest resistivity obtained for the Sb-doped epitaxial (001) SnO₂ thin films prepared using ELAMOD with the ArF laser and 2 % Sb content was 2.5 × 10^?3 Ω cm. The difference between the optimal Sb concentrations and resistivities of the films produced using either ELAMOD or conventional thermal MOD was discussed.     

Comparative Biochemical Analysis of Cellulosomes Isolated from Clostridium clariflavum DSM 19732 and Clostridium thermocellum ATCC 27405 Grown on Plant Biomass

Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology - The cellulosome is a supramolecular multienzyme complex formed via species-specific interactions between the cohesin modules of scaffoldin proteins and the...     

Improving the Structural Control of Graft Copolymers. Copolymerization of Poly(dimethylsiloxane) Macromonomer with Methyl Methacrylate Using RAFT Polymerization

Reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer was applied to the copolymerization of methyl methacrylate and a methacrylate‐terminated poly‐(dimethylsiloxane) macromonomer (PDMS‐MA). The relative reactivity of PDMS‐MA (1/r_MMA) was higher than in the conventional radical copolymerization and similar to that in the atom transfer radical copolymerization. The obtained graft copolymers had much lower polydispersities than those obtained in the conventional radical systems.     

Holographic Three-Dimensional Display Using an Electron-Beam-Addressed Spatial Light Modulator

Three-dimensional (3-D) or holographic information extracted by two-dimensional active optical heterodyne scanning has been demonstrated recently. The technique is called optical scanning holography. To reconstruct the obtainable 3-D holographic information, digital techniques have been used and demonstrated. For real-time applications, we need to investigate spatial-light-modulator-based systems. In this paper, we first briefly review optical scanning holography, and then present experimental results of 3-D image reconstruction using an electron-beam-addressed spatial light modulator.     

Simulation of Differential Phase Detection Method Combined with Astigmatic Method using a Half Mirror in an Optical Pick-up

In an error detection optical system for optical pick-ups using a parallel plane type half mirror, influence on the differential phase detection (DPD) signal by a coma aberration was simulated. The coma aberration deforms the spot profile on the photodetector and influences the DPD signal level characteristics and the offset characteristics with respect to the objective lens shift. In the 4-segment-type DPD, the coma aberration caused by a half mirror 2.75 mm thick hardly affects the DPD signal if the photodetector is not misaligned. On the other hand, the 2-segment-type DPD has a small offset variation with respect to the objective lens shift and a large variation of the DPD signal level against the misalignment of the photodetector in comparison with the 4-segment-type DPD when there is no coma aberration. In the presence of a coma aberration, however, these variations of the 2-segment-type DPD are suppressed by choosing a pair of elements without the coma apex part of the spot.     

Purification and some properties of inducible lysine decarboxylase from Vibrio parahaemolyticus.

Inducible lysine decarboxylase from Vibrio parahaemolyticus AQ 3627 was purified to apparent homogeneity and characterized. The enzyme displayed a molecular weight of 531000 by gel filtration and 79000 by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The enzyme required pyridoxal phosphate as a cofactor, and the pH optimum was 5.5. The Km value for L-lysine was 3.2 mM, and the enzyme was inhibited by 6-aminocaproic acid and alpha-fluoromethyl analogs of cadaverine. delta-Hydroxylysine and S-aminoethyl-L-cysteine was active as substrates to a lesser extent than L-lysine. The amino-terminal amino acid sequence was determined to be Met-Asn-Ile-Phe-Ala-Ile-Leu. These properties were compared with those of other bacterial lysine decarboxylases.     

Ester-armed cyclens having quadruplicated helical geometry: remarkably stable and selective encapsulation of Na+ ion

A new series of ester-armed cyclens nicely accommodated a Na+ ion in their quadruplicated helical binding spheres and effectively discriminated the cation from Li+ and K+ ions. Crystallographic studies revealed that four ester-functionalized sidearms provided effective coordination with the Na+ ion trapped in the 12-membered cyclen ring. Log K values for their Na+ complexes were estimated as 9-11 in CD3CN or C2D5OD, which were comparable to those of common bicyclic cryptands. FAB-MS, liquid-liquid extraction, and NMR binding experiments demonstrated that the cooperative action of the parent cyclen ring and ester-functionalized sidearms offered stable and selective encapsulation of the Na+ ion based on unique quadruplicated helical geometry.     

Radiation level in the Kashiwazaki Kariwa area

The Niigata Prefectural Govemment has been carrying out an environmental radiation monitoring around the Kashiwazaki Kariwa Nuclear Power Station. Most of the gamma-ray dose rate was dependent on the natural radiation from the ground. The investigations wanted to detemine the natural radiation level in the Kashiwazaki Kariwa area. Gamma-ray dose rates were measured with a scintillation detector. Additionally, the quantity of radionuclides and their contribution to the dose rate were obtained by an in situ measurement method.