Photochemical processes induced by 157-nm light in H(2)-impregnated glassy SiO(2):OH

F(2) excimer-laser irradiation induces two major changes in SiO(2): OH glass impregnated with H(2) molecules. First, the vacuum-UV optical absorption edge is bleached, and the absorption at 157 nm decreases from 0.95 to 0.68 cm(-1) . Second, preexisting free SiOH groups and interstitial H(2) are photochemically converted to hydrogen-bonded hydroxyl groups. It is suggested that the bleaching of the UV-absorption edge is caused by a change of OH groups from a free to a hydrogen-bonded state and by photolysis of distorted Si-O bonds that are absorbing in the edge region.     

Pulsed laser evaporation: equation-of-state effects

Theoretical study of laser ablation is usually based on the assumption that the vapor is an ideal gas. Its flow is described by gas dynamics equations [1, 2]. The boundary conditions at vaporization front are derived from the solution of the Boltzmann equation that describes the vapor flow in the immediate vicinity of the vaporizing surface (so-called Knudsen layer) [1]. This model is applicable within the range of temperatures much lower than the critical temperature of target material. In the present work, a general case is considered when the temperature of the condensed phase is comparable to or higher than the critical temperature. The dynamics of both condensed and gaseous phases can be described in this case by the equations of hydrodynamics. The dynamics of vaporization of a metal heated by an ultrashort laser pulse is studied both analytically and numerically. The analysis reveals that the flow consists of two domains: thin liquid shell moving with constant velocity, and thick low-density layer of material in two-phase state. Received: 2 March 1999 / Accepted: 28 May 1999 / Published online: 21 October 1999     

Dewetting self-assembly of nanoparticles into hexagonal array of nanorings

Nanoparticles self-assembled into ring-shaped aggregates that were arranged in a two-dimensional (2D) hexagonal pattern. This hierarchic pattern was prepared by casting a toluene solution composed of polystyrene (PS) and Ag nanoparticles (NP). Dewetting of the thin composite layer induced the mesoscopic hexagonal array of PS-NP droplets. Within each dried droplet (dot), Ag nanoparticles self-assembled into a spot- or a ring-shaped 2D superlattice alternatively depending on the size of the dot, which was controlled by the molecular weight of PS.     

Planar catechin analogues with alkyl side chains: a potent antioxidant and an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor

Planar catechin analogues having various alkyl side chain lengths were synthesized, and their remarkable antioxidative abilities and alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activities are shown.     

An unsymmetrical behavior of reactant units in the Kolbe�CSchmitt reaction

Paths of the Kolbe?CSchmitt reaction were investigated by the use of RB3LYP/6-311(+)G(d,p) density functional theory calculations. In a monomer model composed of C₆H₅O^?, Na⁺ and CO₂ affording sodium salicylate [C₆H₄(OH)CO₂ ^?Na⁺], a proton-shift step (Z Naturforsch 57a:812, 2002) was found to have an unrealistically large activation energy. In consideration of the phenol volatilization in the Kolbe??s experiment and the need of the linearity of the proton-transfer path, a dimer model was constructed. Again, a mutual proton-transfer step has a large activation energy. Alternatively, in a dimer model, a transfer path where the phenoxide ion in one monomer acts as a proton acceptor was found to have a reasonable energy. Addition of one more sodium ion leads to the significant lowering of activation energies. Thus, in the dimer, two monomers behave differently (A?+?A????A?+?B); one is as if it were a catalyst.     

Water-soluble self-assembled butadiyne-bridged bisporphyrin: a potential two-photon-absorbing photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy

We have synthesized a novel, two-photon-absorbing photosensitizer for two-photon-absorption photodynamic therapy (2PA-PDT). The molecule is a butadiyne-bridged porphyrin dimer terminated with two water-soluble porphyrin monomers connected through Zn-imidazolyl self-assembly and covalently linked through olefin metathesis. It has an effective two-photon-absorption (2PA) cross-section value, sigma((2)), of 33 000+/-4600 GM with 5-ns pulses at 890 nm measured by using the open-aperture Z-scan technique. The compound was found to generate singlet oxygen, cytotoxic for tumor cells in photodynamic therapy (PDT), under 2PA conditions by conducting photobleaching experiments with anthracene-9,10-dipropionic acid sodium salt (ADPA).     

Radiative heat transfer analysis in pure water heater used for semiconductor processing

A simplified one-dimensional model is presented to analyze the non-gray radiative transfer in pure water heater used in the rinsing processes within semiconductor production lines, and the ray-tracing method is extended to simulate the radiative heat transfer. To examine the accuracy of the simplified model, the distribution of radiation absorption is determined by the ray-tracing method based the simplified model and compared with the data obtained by three-dimensional non-gray model in combination with Monte Carlo method in reference, and the effects of the water thickness on the radiation absorption are analyzed. The results show that the simplified model has a good accuracy in solving the radiation absorption in the pure water heater. The radiation absorption increases with the water thickness, but when the water thickness is greater than , the radiation absorption increases very slowly with the water thickness.