Quantum correlation with entanglement and mutual entropy

We discuss the correlations on classical and quantum systems from the information theoretical points of view. There exists an essential difference between such two types of correlation. How can we understand such difference? This report is a review of our recent works on the quantum information theory with entanglement.     

Biliary excretion of essential trace elements in rats under oxidative stress caused by selenium deficiency

The excretion of essential trace elements, namely, Se, Sr, As, Mn, Co, V, Fe, and Zn into the bile of Se-deficient (SeD) Wistar male rats was studied using the multitracer (MT) technique, and instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). Normal and Se-control (SeC) rat groups were used as reference groups to compare the effects of Se levels on the behaviors of the essential trace elements. The excretion (% dose) of Se, Sr, As, Mn, Co, and V increased with Se levels in the liver. The biliary excretion of Mn and As dramatically enhanced for SeC rats compared with SeD rats, while that of V accelerated a little for SeC rats. The radioactivity levels of ⁵⁹Fe and ⁶⁵Zn in the MT tracer solution were insufficient to measure their excretion into bile. The role of glutathione and bilirubin for biliary excretion of the metals was discussed in relation to Se levels in rat liver.     

Interfacial water on hydrophobic surfaces recognized by ions and molecules

Recent spectrophotometric and molecular dynamics simulation studies have shown that the physicochemical properties and structures of water in the vicinity of hydrophobic surfaces differ from those of the bulk water. However, the interfacial water acting as a separation medium on hydrophobic surfaces has never been detected and quantified experimentally. In this study, we show that small inorganic ions and organic molecules differentiate the interfacial water formed on the surfaces of octadecyl-bonded (C(18)) silica particles from the bulk water and the chemical separation of these solutes in aqueous media with hydrophobic materials can be interpreted with a consistent mechanism, partition between the bulk water phase and the interfacial water formed on the hydrophobic surface. Thermal transition behaviour of the interfacial water incorporated in the nanopores of the C(18) silica materials and the solubility parameter of the water calculated from the distribution coefficients of organic compounds have indicated that the interfacial water may have a structure of disrupted hydrogen bonding. The thickness of the interfacial water or the limit of distance from the hydrophobic surface at which molecules and ions can sense the surface was estimated to be 1.25 ± 0.13 nm from the volume of the interfacial water obtained by a liquid chromatographic method and the surface area, suggesting that the hydrophobic effect may extend beyond the first solvation shell of water molecules directly surrounding the surfaces.     

Photodissociation of pyrene dimer radical cation during the pulse radiolysis–laser flash photolysis combined method

Photodissociation of pyrene (Py) dimer radical cation (Py ₂ ^?+ ) giving pyrene radical cation (Py^?+) and Py and subsequent regeneration of Py ₂ ^?+ by association of Py^?+ and Py were directly observed during the pulse radiolysis–laser flash photolysis combined method at room temperature. When Py ₂ ^?+ was excited at the local excitation band with the 532-nm laser flash, the rapid growth and decay of monomeric Py^?+ were observed at 460 nm. The dissociation of Py ₂ ^?+ proceeded via a one-photon process to give the ground-state Py^?+(D₀) and Py in the quantum yield (Φ_diss) of (2.9 ± 0.9) × 10^?3. It was shown that Py^?+ decayed with a time constant of several tens of nanoseconds, indicating that the association of Py^?+ with Py regenerating Py ₂ ^?+ proceeds at a diffusion-controlled rate. The photodissociation proceeded from the lowest excited state of Py ₂ ^?+ , even when Py ₂ ^?+ was excited to the higher excited state. The difference between the Φ_diss value of Py ₂ ^?+ and that previously reported for naphthalene dimer radical cation (Np ₂ ^?+ ) is discussed.     

Investigation of adsorption behavior and energy transfer of cationic porphyrins on clay surface at low loading levels by picosecond time-resolved fluorescence measurement

Time-resolved fluorescence and steady-state spectroscopic measurements were performed with +4-charged cationic porphyrins adsorbed on an anionic-type clay (Sumecton SA; SSA) surface at a low molecular loading level (10 % vs. cation-exchange capacity of clay) corresponding to an occupied area of ca 50 nm² per molecule. Absorption spectra indicated no interaction between transition moments of the porphyrins on the clay surface. An efficient energy-transfer process from donor to acceptor porphyrin was observed on the clay surface even under low porphyrin loading conditions. The efficiency of energy transfer obtained from the steady-state measurement was 65 %. Real-time behavior of the porphyrins was successfully captured during energy transfer. The rate constant of the energy transfer obtained from time-resolved fluorescence measurements was found to be 5.3 × 10⁸ s^?1. According to the efficiency and the rate constant, it is proposed that the adsorbed porphyrins did not have a uniform and fixed distribution.     

Combustion wave propagation and detonation initiation in the vicinity of closed-tube end walls

There are not many studies on DDT with no obstacles and the initiation of DDT near the end of a closed tube. Therefore in the present study we experimentally investigate the mechanism of the combustion wave transition to a detonation wave when there are no obstacles. In particular, we show that a local explosion near the tube wall is necessary for the initiation of a detonation. Parameters that we varied are the wall configuration, distance between the ignition point and the wall, and initial filling pressure. The combustion waves and the compression waves are visualized using the Schlieren optical system. From the results, we found it is necessary for the combustion wave to reach four walls so that the detonation could be initiated by the local explosion. In the conditions of the present experiment, we exhibited that the local explosion did not occur in the vicinity of a single wall and four orthogonal walls; instead, the local explosion occurred in a situation with five orthogonal walls. The time of the local explosion and the detonation initiation is 2.6 ± 1.1 and 2.0 ± 0.1 times the characteristic time for the combustion wave to propagate hemispherically from an ignitor and reach the four walls.