Water‐Soluble N‐(n‐Fatty acyl)chitosans

Chitosan was partially N‐acylated by treatment with n‐fatty acid anhydrides in a homogeneous solution in 2 vol.‐% aqueous acetic acid‐methanol (1:2 v/v). The degree of substitution (d.s.) for N‐acyl groups in the water‐soluble N‐acylchitosan derivatives was in the range of 0.42–0.82 for N‐acetyl, 0.37–0.76 for N‐propionyl, 0.52–0.71 for N‐butyryl and 0.54–0.64 for N‐pentanoyl and ca. 0.58 for N‐hexanoyl, respectively.

Water soluble N‐(n‐fatty acyl)chitosans.     

Orientation control of perovskite thin films on glass substrates by the application of a seed layer prepared from oxide nanosheets

Orientation control of perovskite compounds was investigated by the application of a seed layer prepared from oxide nanosheets. An aqueous suspension of oxide nanosheets was prepared by the exfoliation of a layered compound of KCa₂Nb₃O₁₀ oxide grains. A seed layer composed of (TBA)Ca₂Nb₃O₁₀ nanosheets (TBA = tetrabutylammonium) was formed on a glass substrate by simply dip coating it in the suspension. Two kinds of perovskite compounds, LaNiO₃ (LNO) and Pb(Zr,Ti)O₃ (PZT) with a preferred orientation of (00l) were successfully grown on this seeded glass substrate. In this study, the relation between lattice mismatch and electrical properties is investigated. A large, oriented PZT film with a size of 5 ×4 cm shows an improved P-E hysteresis behavior by use of this orientation control.     

Studies of divacancy in Si using positron lifetime measurement

The charge state dependence of positron lifetime and trapping at divacancy (V₂) in Si doped with phosphorus or boron has been studied after 15 McV electron irradiation up to a fluence of 8.0×10¹⁷ e/cm². The positron trapping cross sections for V ₂ ^2– , V ₂ ^– and V ₂ ⁰ at 300 K were about 6×10^–14, 3×10^–14 and 0.1–3×10^–14 cm², respectively. For V ₂ ⁺ , however, no positron trapping was observed. The marked difference in the cross sections comes from Coulomb interaction between the positron and the charged divacancy. The trapping rates for V ₂ ⁰ and V ₂ ^2– have been found to increase with decreasing temperature in the temperature range of 10–300 K. These results are well interpreted by a two-stage trapping model having shallow levels with energy of 9 meV (V ₂ ⁰ ) and 21 meV (V ₂ ^2– ). The appearance of a shallow level for V ₂ ⁰ can not be explained by a conventional Rydberg state model. The lifetime (290–300 ps) in V ₂ ⁰ is nearly constant in the temperature range from 10 to 300 K, while that in V ₂ ^2– increases from 260 ps at 10 K to 320 ps at 300 K. The lifetime (260 ps) in V ₂ ^2– is shorter than that in V ₂ ⁰ at low temperature, which is due to the excess electron density in V ₂ ^2– . At high temperature, however, the longer lifetime of V ₂ ^2– than that of V ₂ ⁰ is attributed to lattice relaxation around V ₂ ^2– .     

Iron-metal multilayers studied by Mössbauer spectroscopy,RBS and X-ray diffraction

Fe/M (M = Ag, Zn and Sn) multilayers prepared by a vacuum evaporation method are studied by Mössbauer spectroscopy (MS), Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). For the case of an M = Ag multilayer, MS reveals that Fe in the multilayer remains as an-phase down to the layer thickness of 10 nm. This result is in agreement with the RBS result that Fe and Ag form a completely discrete layer structure without any mutual mixing. For the case of M = Zn and Sn, RBS reveals that a considerable mixing has taken place between Fe and Sn during the specimen preparation. MS on Fe/Sn specimens with different layer thickness shows that an alloy phase of about 5 nm thickness is formed at the interface. Structural as well as magnetic properties of the alloy phase are discussed based on MS at different temperatures and on reported results of the intermetallic compound FeSn.