A Convenient One Step Synthesis of 1,3-Diaryl-6-methyl-4-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2-thioxofuro [2,3-d] Pyrimidines

1,3-Diaryl-6-methyl-4-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2-thioxofuro (2,3-d) pyrimidines have been synthesised in one step in good yield by the reaction of 1,3-diaryl-1,3-dihydro-2-thioxo-2H,5H-pyrimidine-4,6-diones with chloroacetone in presence of triethylamine.     

Photochemical Transformations of Some 2‐(5‐Methylthiophen‐2‐yl)‐3‐[(naphthalen‐2‐yl)methoxy]‐4H‐chromen‐4‐ones Involving Type‐II Process

Photo‐irradiation of 2‐(5‐methylthiophen‐2‐yl)‐3‐[(naphthalen‐2‐yl)methoxy]‐4H‐chromen‐4‐ones yielded the fascinating angular tetracyclic products via cyclization involving both 2‐thienyl ring and naphthylmethoxy group via 1,4‐biradical generated in the Norrish type‐II process. The stereochemical dispositions of the products were determined by MM2 energy minimized programme and spectroscopic analysis.     

Cross layer based fast handover for IEEE 802.16e networks

To guarantee the QoS in real time applications in wireless networks, handover delay is one of the most important parameters to be considered while mobile users are changing their point of attachment to the access networks. This calls for a fast handover mechanism that will be able to offer uninterrupted services to mobile users. In this paper, a cross layer based fast handover mechanism is proposed to reduce handover delay and signaling load in IEEE 802.16e wireless metropolitan area networks. This is achieved by overlapping the functions of Medium Access Control (MAC) Layer and Internet Protocol (IP) layer. The analytical results show that the proposed mechanism significantly enhances the handover performance in terms of handover delay and signaling load thus resulting into fast handover.     

Approximate controllability of impulsive fractional evolution equations of order 1<α<2$$ 1&amp;lt;\alpha &amp;lt;2 $$ with state-dependent delay in Banach spaces

This article deals with the approximate controllability problem for fractional evolution equations involving noninstantaneous impulses and state-dependent delay. In order to derive sufficient conditions for the approximate controllability of our problem, we first consider the linear-regulator problem and find the optimal control in the feedback form. By using this optimal control, we develop the approximate controllability of the linear fractional control system. Further, we obtain sufficient conditions for the approximate controllability of the nonlinear problem. In the end, we provide a concrete example to support the applicability of the derived results.     

Surfactant-induced effects on turbulent swirling flows

 We employ digital particle imaging velocimetry (DPIV) to investigate the influence of a drag reducing cationic surfactant additive, cetyltrimethyl-ammonium chloride (CTAC), on turbulent swirling flows generated in a cylindrical vessel either by a rotating disk or a rotating disk fitted with vertical flat blades. The largest concentration of CTAC used in this study (0.05 ≤ C ≤ 0.5 mmol/l) is an order of magnitude smaller than those used in experimental investigations of surfactant induced drag reduction in turbulent pipe/channel flows. Even for such dilute systems, a number of dramatic and intriguing effects are observed. In the case of disk-driven flow, it is shown that the surfactant has a non-monotonic influence on turbulence intensity: both radial and axial root mean square velocity fluctuations first increase with increasing surfactant concentration C, reach a maximum and decrease upon further increase in C. Moreover, the maximum intensity is attained at a concentration that is practically independent of the angular frequency Ω of the disk. For the flow driven by bladed impeller, the introduction of the surfactant leads to flow reversal at the impeller plane for low concentrations. Enhancement in the radial and azimuthal mean velocities is also observed. For relatively larger concentrations (=0.5 mmol/l), a mean flow field that consists of multiple transient mixing pockets emerges as Ω exceeds a critical value. Plausible mechanisms are proposed to explain these observations. Received: 11 September 2000 Accepted: 10 April 2001     

Analytical and numerical solutions of inward spherical solidification of a superheated melt with radiative-convective heat transfer and density jump at freezing front

Analytical and numerical solutions of a general problem related to the radially symmetric inward spherical solidification of a superheated melt have been studied in this paper. In the radiation-convection type boundary conditions, the heat transfer coefficient has been taken as time dependent which could be infinite, at time,t=0. This is necessary, for the initiation of instantaneous solidification of superheated melt, over its surface. The analytical solution consists of employing suitable fictitious initial temperatures and fictitious extensions of the original region occupied by the melt. The numerical solution consists of finite difference scheme in which the grid points move with the freezing front. The numerical scheme can handle with ease the density changes in the solid and liquid states and the shrinkage or expansions of volumes due to density changes. In the numerical results, obtained for the moving boundary and temperatures, the effects of several parameters such as latent heat, Boltzmann constant, density ratios, heat transfer coefficients, etc. have been shown. The correctness of numerical results has also been checked by satisfying the integral heat balance at every timestep.Die analytische und numerische Lösung des Problems der symmetrischen radialen kugelförmigen Erstarrung einer ultrahocherhitzten Schmelze wurden in dieser Arbeit untersucht. Bei den Randbedingungen für Strahlung und Konvektion wurde der Wärmeübergangskoeffizient als zeitabhängig angenommen, welcher für die Zeitt=0 als unendlich betrachtet werden konnte. Dies ist notwendig für das Einsetzen des sofortigen Erstarrens der Schmelze über der gesamten Oberfläche. Die analytische Lösung besteht aus dem Verwenden geeigneter fiktiver Anfangstemperaturen und fiktiver Ausdehnungen des durch die Schmelze besetzten Anfangsbereiches. Die numerische Lösung besteht aus der Methode der finiten Differenzen, bei der die Gitterpunkte mit der Erstarrungsfront voranschreiten. Die numerische Methode kann ohne Probleme die Dichteänderungen in der flüssigen und festen Phase sowie das dadurch hervorgerufene Schrumpfen oder Expandieren des Volumens behandeln. Bei den für die sich ändernden Grenzen und Temperaturen erhaltenen numerischen Ergebnissen werden die Einflüsse der verschiedenen Parameter wie latente Wärme, Boltzmannkonstante, Dichteverhältnisse, Wärmeübergangskoeffizienten usw. gezeigt. Die Gültigkeit der numerischen Lösungen wurde zu jedem Zeitpunkt untersucht, indem die Erfüllung der Energiegleichung überprüft wurde.     

Single‐Molecule Magnetism,Enhanced Magnetocaloric Effect,and Toroidal Magnetic Moments in a Family of Ln4 Squares

Three cationic [Ln₄] squares (Ln=lanthanide) were isolated as single crystals and their structures solved as [Dy₄(μ₄‐OH)(HL)(H₂L)₃(H₂O)₄]Cl₂?(CH₃OH)₄?(H₂O)₈ ( 1 ), [Tb₄(μ₄‐OH)(HL)(H₂L)₃(MeOH)₄]Cl₂?(CH₃OH)₄?(H₂O)₄ ( 2 ) and [Gd₄(μ₄‐OH)(HL)(H₂L)₃(H₂O)₂(MeOH)₂]Br₂?(CH₃OH)₄?(H₂O)₃ ( 3 ). The structures are described as hydroxo‐centered squares of lanthanide ions, with each edge of the square bridged by a doubly deprotonated H₂L^2? ligand. Alternating current magnetic susceptibility measurements show frequency‐dependent out‐of‐phase signals with two different thermally assisted relaxation processes for 1 , whereas no maxima in χ_M“ appears above 2.0 K for complex 2 . For 1 , the estimated effective energy barrier for these two relaxation processes is 29 and 100 K. Detailed ab initio studies reveal that complex 1 possesses a toroidal magnetic moment. The ab initio calculated anisotropies of the metal ions in complex 1 were employed to simulate the magnetic susceptibility by using the Lines model (POLY_ANISO) and this procedure yields J₁=+0.01 and J₂=?0.01 cm^?1 for 1 as the two distinct exchange interactions between the Dy^III ions. Similar parameters are also obtained for complex 1 (and 2 ) from specific heat measurements. A very weak antiferromagnetic super‐exchange interaction (J₁=?0.043 cm^?1 and g=1.99) is observed between the metal centers in 3 . The magnetocaloric effect (MCE) was estimated by using field‐dependent magnetization and temperature‐dependent heat‐capacity measurements. An excellent agreement is found for the ?ΔS_m values extracted from these two measurements for all three complexes. As expected, 3 shows the largest ?ΔS_m variation (23 J Kg^?1 K^?1) among the three complexes. The negligible magnetic anisotropy of Gd indeed ensures near degeneracy in the (2S+1) ground state microstates, and the weak super‐exchange interaction facilitates dense population of low‐lying excited states, all of which are likely to contribute to the MCE, making complex 3 an attractive candidate for cryogenic refrigeration.     

Impingement heat transfer from wedge surface

An experimental investigation is made to study the heat transfer characteristics of slot jet impingement on a wedge whose included angle is 90°. Local and average heat transfer rates from the wedge surfaces have been measured. The experiments have been conducted with isothermal wedge surface at Reynolds numbers ranging from 5 680 to 16 600. The effects of varying the flow rate, width of the nozzle, distance of the wedge vertex from the nozzle exit, eccentricity of the wedge vertex to the jet axis on the flow properties of the fluid have been investigated. A correlation has been proposed considering the relevant dimensionless parameters and then compared with experimental data.

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Wärmeübertragung einer Strömung, die auf einen Keil aufprallt

Zusammenfassung Ein experimenteller Versuch wurde durchgeführt, um die Wärmeübertragungseigenschaften bei der Spaltung eines Strahls, die beim Aufprall auf einen rechtwinkligen Keil entsteht, zu untersuchen. Gemessen wurde die lokale und mittlere Wärmeübertragungsrate der Keiloberfläche. Dieses Experiment wurde mit einer isothermen Keiloberfläche bei einer Reynolds-Zahl zwischen 5 680–16 600 durchgeführt. Untersucht wurden die Einwirkungen bei der Änderung der Strömungsrate, Düsenbreite, Abstand zwischen Keilscheitel und Düsenausgang, Exzentrizität von Keilscheitel und Strahlachse, sowie die Strömungseigenschaften des Fluids. Unter Betracht der maßgebenden dimensionslosen Parameter wurden Berechnungen durchgeführt und diese mit den experimentellen Daten verglichen.

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Nomenclature A surface area of the wedge - B breadth of the wedge or nozzle - C face length of the wedge - c _p specific heat at constant pressure - Gr _C Grashof number - H height of the wedge=C sin - h local heat transfer coefficient - average heat transfer coefficient - h _f free convective heat transfer coefficient - K thermal conductivity - L distance from the nozzle exit to the wedge vertex - Nu _f free convection Nusselt number - Nu _W local Nusselt number=hW/K - average Nusselt number= W/K - Pr Prandtl number=c _p /K - q heat loss due to forced convection - q _i heat input - q _f heat loss due to free convection - q _L heat loss due to conduction and radiation - Re _W Reynolds number=u _j W/ _a - average temperature in °C - T _j jet temperature in °C - T _a ambient air temperature in °C - T _m mean temperature=( +T _a )/2 - u mean velocity in m/s - u _j average jet exit velocity in m/s - W nozzle width - x distance measured from wedge vertex - angle between upper surface of the wedge and jet center line - angle between lower surface of the wedge and jet center line - eccentricity of the wedge vertex with the jet center line - absolute viscosity - kinematic viscosity     

Dielectric Studies in Solid Phase EBBA

Dielectric measurements have been made in the stable and metastable solid phases of EBBA in the frequency range 0.1 KHz to 100 KHz and in the temperature range - 170 to - 10°C. The dielectric dispersion was absent in the stable phase while in the metastable phase, obtained by rapid cooling, a clear dielectric dispersion was seen. In addition to the primary dispersion extending above about - 125°C there also appears a clear secondary dispersion region below - 125°C. The strength of the second dispersion is lower by one order of magnitude than the primary dispersion. The primary dispersion is of the Debye type with a symmetric distribution of relaxation times. The Cole-Cole distribution parameter varies with temperature and shows a maximum at about -64°C. The results in the primary dispersion region can be qualitatively explained by assuming the free rotation of dipoles above -64°C and a restricted rotation of dipoles at low temperatures.     

EPR and optical absorption study of Cr-doped tetramethyl ammonium cadmium chloride single crystals

EPR study of Cr³⁺-doped tetramethyl cadmium chloride (TMCC) single crystals is carried out at room temperature. The crystal field and spin-Hamiltonian parameters are evaluated from the resonance line positions of different lines observed in the EPR spectra. The g and D parameter values are found to be g=1.9741±0.0002 and D=553±2×10⁻⁴ cm⁻¹, respectively. EPR data indicate that the site symmetry of Cr³⁺ ion in the crystal is distorted octahedron. Cr³⁺ ions enter the lattice substitutionally replacing Cd²⁺ sites and bind to the neighboring extra Cd vacancies necessary for charge compensation. The optical absorption spectra are measured in 195–925 nm wavelength range at room temperature. From optical study the energy values of different orbital levels are estimated. Further, the bonding parameters are obtained by correlating optical and EPR data and the nature of bonding in the crystal is discussed. The values of Racah parameters (B and C), crystal field parameter (Dq) and nephelauxetic parameters (h and k) are obtained to be B=722, C=2845, Dq=2043 cm⁻¹, h=1.015 and k=0.21.