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421.
This paper compares different buffer systems for the electrophoretic separation of the five most abundant serum proteins on native-PAGE gel and cellulose membranes. A modified Tris-tricine system was shown to be superior for the separation of these serum proteins in a 7% m/v native-PAGE gel as compared with the traditionally used Tris-glycine and Tris-tricine methods. This modified Tris-tricine buffer system was also employed for the separation of serum proteins using a cellulose acetate membrane and very effective separation was observed as compared with the traditionally used Tris-barbital and Tris-glycine buffer systems. 相似文献
422.
Let \(\Gamma \) be a (non-elementary) convex co-compact group of isometries of a pinched Hadamard manifold X. We show that a normal subgroup \(\Gamma _0\) has critical exponent equal to the critical exponent of \(\Gamma \) if and only if \(\Gamma /\Gamma _0\) is amenable. We prove a similar result for the exponential growth rate of closed geodesics on \(X/\Gamma \). These statements are analogues of classical results of Kesten for random walks on groups and Brooks for the spectrum of the Laplacian on covers of Riemannian manifolds. 相似文献
423.
Oxaliplatin is an important anti-cancer drug that has been approved for the treatment of colorectal cancer. It is known that
oxaliplatin, like other Pt-based drugs, interacts with DNA to form cytotoxic Pt-DNA adducts that disrupt important biological
processes such as DNA replication and protein synthesis. Linear ion trap electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (ESI-MS)
was employed to study the interaction of oxaliplatin with DNA nucleobases. It was shown that oxaliplatin formed adducts with
all four DNA nucleobases when present individually and in combination in solution. Multiple-stage tandem mass spectrometry
(MSn) enabled the fragmentation pathways of each adduct to be established. In addition, proposed structures for each product ion
were obtained from the MS data. When all four bases were present together with the drug at near-equal molar concentrations,
adducts containing predominantly adenine and guanine were formed, confirming that the drug preferentially binds to these nucleobases.
A large molar excess of drug was required to ensure the formation of cytosine and thymine adducts in the presence of adenine
and guanine. Even with a large excess of oxaliplatin, only mono-adducts of these nucleobases were observed when all four nucleobases
were present.
Figure Schematic of a linear ion trap mass spectrometer being used to isolate the diadduct of guanine with oxaliplatin showing the
characteristic isotope pattern due to 194Pt, 195Pt and 196Pt. 相似文献
424.
Cavity ringdown spectra of the A-X electronic transition of all eight isomers of the pentyl peroxy radical are reported. Using the corresponding assignments from previously studied smaller alkyl peroxy radicals, assignments of origin bands are made for the pentyl peroxy isomers including some conformer-specific assignments for bands of a given isomer. Ab initio calculations also were performed to aid in the spectral assignments for neopentyl, t-butyl, and t-pentyl peroxies. In addition to the origins, vibrational bands have also been assigned for some species. Using the analyzed spectra, the relative reactivity of the primary, secondary, and tertiary hydrogen atoms in isopentane could be determined semiquantitatively. 相似文献
425.
426.
Edmonds MT Wanke M Tadich A Vulling HM Rietwyk KJ Sharp PL Stark CB Smets Y Schenk A Wu QH Ley L Pakes CI 《The Journal of chemical physics》2012,136(12):124701
Surface sensitive C1s core level photoelectron spectroscopy was used to examine the electronic properties of C(60)F(48) molecules on the C(100):H surface. An upward band bending of 0.74 eV in response to surface transfer doping by fluorofullerene molecules is measured. Two distinct molecular charge states of C(60)F(48) are identified and their relative concentration determined as a function of coverage. One corresponds to ionized molecules that participate in surface charge transfer and the other to neutral molecules that do not. The position of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital of neutral C(60)F(48) which is the relevant acceptor level for transfer doping lies initially 0.6 eV below the valence band maximum and shifts upwards in the course of transfer doping by up to 0.43 eV due to a doping induced surface dipole. This upward shift in conjunction with the band bending determines the occupation of the acceptor level and limits the ultimately achievable hole concentration with C(60)F(48) as a surface acceptor to values close to 10(13) cm(-2) as reported in the literature. 相似文献
427.
Forbes BJ Pike ER Sharp DB Aktosun T 《The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America》2006,119(1):65-73
The inverse problem of the noninvasive measurement of the shape of an acoustical duct in which one-dimensional wave propagation can be assumed is examined within the theoretical framework of the governing Klein-Gordon equation. Previous deterministic methods developed over the last 40 years have all required direct measurement of the reflectance or input impedance but now, by application of the methods of inverse quantum scattering to the acoustical system, it is shown that the reflectance can be algorithmically derived from the radiated wave. The potential and area functions of the duct can subsequently be reconstructed. The results are discussed with particular reference to acoustic pulse reflectometry. 相似文献
428.
Sharp JS Vader D Forrest JA Smith MI Khomenko M Dalnoki-Veress K 《The European physical journal. E, Soft matter》2006,19(4):423-432
Optical microscopy and atomic force microscopy were used to study a novel roughness-induced wrinkling instability in thin-film
bilayers of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and polystyrene (PS). The observed wrinkling morphology is manifested as a periodic
undulation at the surface of the samples and occurs when the bilayers are heated above the melting temperature of the semi
crystalline PEO (Tm = 63
) layer. During the wrinkling of the glassy PS capping layers the system selects a characteristic wavelength that has the
largest amplitude growth rate. This initial wavelength is shown to increase monotonically with increasing thickness of the
PEO layer. We also show that for a given PEO film thickness, the wavelength can be varied independently by changing the thickness
of the PS capping layers. A model based upon a simple linear stability analysis was developed to analyse the data collected
for the PS and PEO film thickness dependences of the fastest growing wavelength in the system. The predictions of this theory
are that the strain induced in the PS layer caused by changes in the area of the PEO/PS interface during the melting of the
PEO are sufficient to drive the wrinkling instability. A consideration of the mechanical response of the PEO and PS layers
to the deformations caused by wrinkling then allows us to use this simple theory to predict the fastest growing wavelength
in the system. 相似文献
429.
Reversible alkene extrusion from platinaoxetanes has been observed. Catalytic amounts of electrophilic Pt complexes, HOTf, Ag+, or BF3 (best) result in dramatic rate enhancements. 相似文献
430.
The 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions of nitrile sulfides, generated by microwave-assisted decarboxylation of 1,3,4-oxathiazol-2-ones, have been investigated. By this approach ethyl 1,2,4-thiadiazole-5-carboxylates 3 were prepared in good yield by cycloaddition of the nitrile sulfides to ethyl cyanoformate. Similarly, reaction of benzonitrile sulfide with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (DMAD) afforded dimethyl 3-phenylisothiazole-4,5-dicarboxylate (5). In contrast, o-hydroxybenzonitrile sulfide, generated from the corresponding oxathiazolone 2d, reacted with DMAD to give methyl 4-oxo-4H-[1]benzopyrano[4,3-c]isothiazole-3-carboxylate (8) in high yield. A ca. 1:1 mixture of ethyl 3-phenylisothiazole-4- and 5-carboxylates (6,7) was formed from benzonitrile sulfide and ethyl propiolate. The corresponding reaction with diethyl fumarate gave diethyl trans-4,5-dihydro-3-phenylisothiazole-4,5-dicarboylate (10). 3-Arylisothiazoles, unsubstituted at both the 4- and 5-positions, were prepared from the reaction of 5-aryl-1,3,4-oxathiazolones with norbornadiene by a pathway involving cycloaddition of the nitrile sulfide to the norbornadiene, followed by retro-Diels-Alder extrusion of cyclopentadiene from the resulting isothiazoline cycloadduct 12. In summary, the use of microwave irradiation, rather than conventional heating methods, allows nitrile sulfide generation and reactions to be carried out in shorter times, with easier work-up and, in some cases, in higher yields. 相似文献