Dynamic and quantitative phase-contrast imaging of living cells under simulated zero gravity by digital holographic microscopy and superconducting magnet

The experiment of dynamic and quantitative phase-contrast imaging of living cells in simulated zero gravity environment were performed by using digital holographic microscopy (DHM) combined with a superconducting magnet (SM). The SM with large gradient high magnetic field was used to simulate zero gravity by levitating biological living samples. The proposed DHM system provided highly efficient and versatile means for dynamically and quantitatively phase-contrast imaging MC3T3-E1 cells. To our knowledge, the phase images of living cells undergoing modifications and division under simulated zero gravity were firstly obtained by using DHM-SM prototype.     

钡钨阴极优化与热电子发射性能

分别从基体和铝酸盐两方面优化了钡钨阴极.在基体方面,首先采用窄粒度钨粉结合放电等离子体烧结获得了孔径分布窄的基体;再利用射频等离子体球化技术制备了球形钨粉,采用球形钨粉制备了多孔基体,获得了孔通道光滑、内孔连通性好、孔径分布更加窄的基体.与窄粒度钨粉基体相比,球形钨粉制备的阴极,空间电荷限制区的斜率由1.25增加至1.37,发射均匀性得到提高,拐点电流密度由6.6 A·cm^–2增至6.96 A·cm^–2.在此基础上,采用液相法改善了铝酸盐物相组成,发现空间电荷限制区的斜率增加至1.44,拐点电流密度增加至21.2 A·cm^–2.通过理论计算对钡钨阴极发射的物理本质进行了研究,发现钡钨阴极发射规律遵循偶极子理论.     

二次有机气溶胶估算方法比较研究

为研究北京夏季二次有机气溶胶（SOA）浓度,比较多种SOA估算方法的不确定性和在我国的适用性,在CAREBEIJING 2008大型观测期间在城市点北大点和郊区点榆垡点采集大气颗粒物PM_2.5样品,利用多种方法对二次有机碳（SOC）的浓度进行了估算,估算方法包括二次有机示踪物产率法、非一次源OC法、非生物质燃烧水溶性有机碳法（WSOC）和元素碳示踪有机碳/元素碳比值法.估算结果表明,二次有机气溶胶已经成为北京颗粒有机物的重要组成部分,夏季SOC可以占总有机碳（OC）的50%甚至更高。通过模拟我国典型的生物质燃烧,实测建立适合我国的获得了非生物质燃烧WSOC方法中的重要参数,即获得方法中重要参数生物质燃烧排放颗粒物中WSOC/OC的比值,我国生物质燃烧颗粒物中该比值平均为0.48±0.04.多种方法结果均表明,SOA已经成为北京颗粒有机物的重要组成部分,所占比例可以达到50%甚至更高.利用化学质量守恒模型（CMB）和示踪物产率法对颗粒有机物来源进行闭合发现,依靠目前的示踪物技术北京大气颗粒有机物中仍然有20%～27%的来源不清楚.通过综合比较了多种SOC估算方法,确定了各方法在我国的适用性： 示踪物产率法、非一次源OC法和EC示踪OC/EC比值法可适用于我国大气中SOC的估算,但是非生物质燃烧WSOC方法仅适用于我国大气中水溶性SOC的估算,但是不同方法之间存在的系统误差.本研究还对这几种方法的不确定性做了初步的分析,为其他研究者选择估算方法提供参考和依据.示踪物产率法仅估算了几种特定VOCs前体物对SOC贡献,因此低估了总的SOC,但是这种方法是目前唯一一种可以估算特定VOCs前体物对SOC贡献的方法;同样地,非生物质燃烧WSOC法仅估算了水溶性的SOC,因此也低估了总的SOC;非一次源OC法高估了SOC,这主要是由于未能解析出的一次源OC造成的.而且这种高估在城市地区更为显著,主要是因为城市地区一次源相对比较复杂造成的;非生物质燃烧WSOC法低估了总的SOC,而且这种方法仅适用于我国水溶性SOC的估算;EC示踪OC/EC比值法的主要不确定性来自于一次源OC/EC比值的确定,由于这个比值造成的单点误差最高可高估54%或低估64%.     

Application of longitudinal generalized magneto-optical ellipsometry in magnetic ultrathin films

The longitudinal generalized magneto-optical ellipsometry(GME) method is extended to the measurement of threelayer ultrathin magnetic films. In this work, the theory of the reflection matrix is introduced into the GME measurement to obtain the reflective matrix parameters of ultrathin multilayer magnetic films with different thicknesses. After that, a spectroscopic ellipsometry is used to determine the optical parameter and the thickness of every layer of these samples, then the magneto-optical coupling constant of the multilayer magnetic ultrathin film can be obtained. After measurements of a series of ultrathin Fe films, the results show that the magneto-optical coupling constant Q is independent of the thickness of the magnetic film. The magneto-optical Kerr rotations and ellipticity are measured to confirm the validity of this experiment. Combined with the optical constants and the Q constant, the Kerr rotations and ellipticity are calculated in theory. The results show that the theoretical curve fits very well with the experimental data.     

The chemo-mechanical coupling behavior of hydrogels incorporating entanglements of polymer chains

To describe precisely the chemo-mechanical coupling behavior of hydrogels, a general form of free energy density function is presented by considering chain entanglements and functionality of junctions. We use the chemical potential of the solvent and the deformation gradient of the network as the independent variables of the developed free energy function, and implement this material model in the finite element package, ABAQUS, to analyze several examples of chemo-mechanical equilibrium deformation behaviors of hydrogels. The influence of chain entanglements and junction functionality on the chemo-mechanical behavior of hydrogels is addressed based on our simulation. With the coded subroutine UHYPER, this work may provide a numerical tool to study complex phenomena in hydrogels.     

Analytical solutions of uniform extended dislocations and tractions over a circular area in anisotropic magnetoelectroelastic bimaterials

In this paper, we derive the analytical solutions in a three-dimensional anisotropic magnetoelectroelastic bimaterial space subject to uniform extended dislocations and tractions within a horizontal circular area. By virtue of the Stroh formalism and Fourier transformation, the final expression of solutions in the physical domain contains only line integrals over [0,2π] rather than infinite integrals. As the reduced cases, the half-space and homogeneous full-space solutions can be directly derived from the present solutions. Also, in terms of material domains, the present solutions can be reduced to the piezoelectric, piezomagnetic, purely elastic materials with different symmetries of material property. To carry out numerical calculations, Gauss quadrature is adopted. In the numerical examples, the effect of different loading locations on the response at the interface is analyzed. It is shown that, when the magnetic traction or electric dislocation is applied, the physical quantities on the interface may not decrease monotonically as the loading area moves away from the interface. The distributions of different in-plane physical quantities on the upper and lower interfaces under various extended horizontal loadings are compared and the differences are discussed. The work presented in this paper can serve as benchmarks for future numerical studies in related research fields.     

A single helicopter’s flying model in the low airspace with a parallel electrical wire network

In this paper, we use car-following theory to propose a model with consideration of multi-telegraph poles and electrical wires to describe a single helicopter’s flying behavior in the low airspace with a parallel electrical wire network. The numerical results show that the proposed model can describe the qualitative effects of the parallel electrical wire network on the evolutions of a helicopter’s speed, safe distances for the telegraph poles and electrical wires and safe sphere. These results can help us to better understand the helicopter’s flying behavior in the low airspace with a parallel electrical wire network.     

Poisson theory and integration method for a dynamical system of relative motion

This paper focuses on studying the Poisson theory and the integration method of dynamics of relative motion.Equations of a dynamical system of relative motion in phase space are given.Poisson theory of the system is established.The Jacobi last multiplier of the system is defined,and the relation between the Jacobi last multiplier and the first integrals of the system is studied.Our research shows that for a dynamical system of relative motion,whose configuration is determined by n generalized coordinates,the solution of the system can be found by using the Jacobi last multiplier if (2n 1) first integrals of the system are known.At the end of the paper,an example is given to illustrate the application of the results.     

γ radiation caused graphene defects and increased carrier density

We report on a micro-Raman investigation of inducing defects in mono-layer, bi-layer and tri-layer graphene by γ ray radiation. It is found that the radiation exposure results in two-dimensional (2D) and G band position evolution with the layer number increasing and D and D' bands rising, suggesting the presence of defects and related crystal lattice deformation in graphene. Bi-layer graphene is more stable than mono- and tri-layer graphene, indicating that the former is a better candidate in the application of radiation environments. Also, the DC electrical property of the mono-layer graphene device shows that the defects increase the carrier density.     

Joint probability generating function for degrees of active/passive random intersection graphs

Correlations of active and passive random intersection graphs are studied in this paper. We present the joint probability generating function for degrees of G ^active(n, m, p) and G ^passive(n, m, p), which are generated by a random bipartite graph G*(n, m, p) on n + m vertices.