The removal of metal ions from aqueous solutions by biosorption plays an important role in water pollution control. In this
study, dried leaves and branches of poplar trees were studied for removing some toxic elements (cadmium, lead, and uranium)
from aqueous solutions. The equilibrium experiments were systematically carried out in a batch process, covering various process
parameters that include agitation time, adsorbent size and dosage, initial cadmium, lead and uranium concentration, and pH
of the aqueous solution. Adsorption behavior was found to follow Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms. The results have shown
that both dried leaves and branches can be effectively used for removing uranium, while only branches were found to remove
lead and cadmium completely from the aqueous solution. The maximum biosorption capacity of leaves for uranium was found to
be 2.3 mg g−1 and 1.7 mg g−1 and 2.1 mg g−1 for lead and cadmium on branches, respectively. In addition, the studied biomass materials were used in removing lead and
cadmium from contaminated water and the method was found to be effective. 相似文献
In this study, an oxadiazole multi-wall carbon nanotube-modified glassy carbon electrode (OMWCNT−GCE) was used as a highly sensitive electrochemical sensor for hydrazine determination. The surface charge transfer rate constant, ks, and the charge transfer coefficient, α, for electron transfer between GCE and electrodeposited oxadiazole were calculated as 19.4 ± 0.5 s−1 and 0.51, respectively at pH = 7.0. The obtained results indicate that hydrazine peak potential at OMWCNT−GCE shifted for 14, 109, and 136 mV to negative values as compared with oxadiazole-modified GCE, MWCNT−GCE, and activated GCE surface, respectively. The electron transfer coefficient, α, and the heterogeneous rate constant, k′, for the oxidation of hydrazine at OMWCNT−GCE were also determined by cyclic voltammetry measurements. Two linear dynamic ranges of 0.6 to 10.0 μM and 10.0 to 400.0 μM and detection limit of 0.17 μM for hydrazine determination were evaluated using differential pulse voltammetry. In addition, OMWCNT−GCE was shown to be successfully applied to determine hydrazine in various water samples.
A unified approximation method is derived to illustrate the effect of electro-mechanical coupling on vibration-based energy harvesting systems caused by variations in damping ratio and excitation frequency of the mechanical subsystem. Vibrational energy harvesters are electro-mechanical systems that generate power from the ambient oscillations. Typically vibration-based energy harvesters employ a mechanical subsystem tuned to resonate with ambient oscillations. The piezoelectric or electromagnetic coupling mechanisms utilized in energy harvesters, transfers some energy from the mechanical subsystem and converts it to an electric energy. Recently the focus of energy harvesting community has shifted toward nonlinear energy harvesters that are less sensitive to the frequency of ambient vibrations. We consider the general class of hybrid energy harvesters that use both piezoelectric and electromagnetic energy harvesting mechanisms. Through using perturbation methods for low amplitude oscillations and numerical integration for large amplitude vibrations we establish a unified approximation method for linear, softly nonlinear, and bi-stable nonlinear energy harvesters. The method quantifies equivalent changes in damping and excitation frequency of the mechanical subsystem that resembles the backward coupling from energy harvesting. We investigate a novel nonlinear hybrid energy harvester as a case study of the proposed method. The approximation method is accurate, provides an intuitive explanation for backward coupling effects and in some cases reduces the computational efforts by an order of magnitude. 相似文献
The performance of the adaptive spatial resolution technique is improved by making the resolution function of the coordinate transformation as smooth as possible. To this end, the smoothness of the resolution function is probed and a quantitative criterion is proposed to make the jump points; which were conventionally equidistant from each other, regularized. The here-proposed regularization is applied to two different recent formulations and its effects on the overall convergence rate and on the presence of numerical artifacts in analysis of highly conducting gratings are studied. Dielectric and metallic gratings at optical and microwave frequencies are considered and the helpfulness of the proposed technique is discussed. 相似文献
A theory is presented which allows us to accurately calculate the density profile of monovalent and multivalent counterions in suspensions of polarizable colloids or nanoparticles. In the case of monovalent ions, we derive a weak-coupling theory that explicitly accounts for the ion-image interaction, leading to a modified Poisson-Boltzmann equation. For suspensions with multivalent counterions, a strong-coupling theory is used to calculate the density profile near the colloidal surface and a Poisson-Boltzmann equation with a renormalized boundary condition to account for the counterion distribution in the far field. All the results are compared with the Monte?Carlo simulations, showing an excellent agreement between the theory and the simulations. 相似文献
Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 has been synthesized using mechanical alloying method with two variables (milling time and ball-to-powder weight ratio (BPR)) were varied in order to study its effect on the magnetic properties of the material. The effects of these two variables were studied using XRD, SEM, TEM and later by impedance analyzer with the frequency range from 1 MHz to 1.8 GHz. The results obtained however show that there are no significant trends to relate the milling time and BPR with the permeability and losses of the material studied. After being sintered at 1150 °C, all the effects of alloying process seem to diminish. 相似文献
Graphene-polymer nano-composites are one of the most applicable engineering nanostructures with superior mechanical properties. In the present study, a finite element (FE) approach based on the size dependent nonlocal elasticity theory is developed for buckling analysis of nano-scaled multi-layered graphene sheets (MLGSs) embedded in polymer matrix. The van der Waals (vdW) interactions between the graphene layers and graphene-polymer are simulated as a set of linear springs using the Lennard-Jones potential model. The governing stability equations for nonlocal classical orthotropic plates together with the weighted residual formulation are employed to explicitly obtain stiffness and buckling matrices for a multi-layered super element of MLGS. The accuracy of the current finite element analysis (FEA) is approved through a comparison with molecular dynamics (MD) and analytical solutions available in the literature. Effects of nonlocal parameter, dimensions, vdW interactions, elastic foundation, mode numbers and boundary conditions on critical in-plane loads are investigated for different types of MLGS. It is found that buckling loads of MLGS are generally of two types namely In-Phase (INPH) and Out-of-Phase (OPH) loads. The INPH loads are independent of interlayer vdW interactions while the OPH loads depend on vdW interactions. It is seen that the decreasing effect of nonlocal parameter on the OPH buckling loads dwindles as the interlayer vdW interactions become stronger. Also, it is found that the small scale and polymer substrate have noticeable effects on the buckling loads of embedded MLGS. 相似文献
In this work we study the generalized Boussinesq equation with a dissipation term. We show that, under suitable conditions, a global solution for the initial value problem exists. In addition, we derive sufficient conditions for the blow-up of the solution to the problem. Furthermore, the instability of the stationary solutions of this equation is established. 相似文献
An algebraic closure for the non-Newtonian Navier–Stokes equations is presented which accounts for the effect of a dilute fiber suspension. The model is intended to be used in simulations of turbulent drag reduction by fiber additives, and can be considered as a computationally efficient alternative to the existing rheological models for fiber suspensions in turbulent wall-bounded flows. It is based on the assumption that the suspended elongated particles are aligned with the local velocity fluctuation vector. The model is proved to be Galilean invariant. One-way coupled simulations and comparison with a direct solution of the underlying Fokker–Planck equation show a considerable improvement over an existing and comparable model. Finally, two-way coupled simulations demonstrate that the model predicts flow statistics that are in very good agreement with those obtained by the moment approximation approach. Interestingly, the model is realistic in terms of the polymer concentration. Using the proposed model, the cost of simulating a drag-reduced flow in terms of CPU-time is slightly more than that of a Newtonian flow. 相似文献
Alkyl halides are efficiently converted to their corresponding nitroalkanes under mild and nonaqueous conditions by using polymer supported nitrites. The polymeric reagent is regenerable. 相似文献