Development of new multifunctional terpolymer sorbent for proteomics applications

Determination of the availability of phases for specific separations is an important task achieved by a separation chemist. This becomes vital when the complex samples like biofluids are dealt with in proteome science. The work presented here involves the synthesis and application of terpolymeric sorbent with different functionalizations adopted for the selective enrichment of biomolecules of interest from biological fluids. Synthesis of terpolymer was carried out by the radical polymerization of monomers: methyl acrylate, acrylic acid and vinyl acetate with diethylene glycol dimethacrylate as cross‐linking agent, benzoyl peroxide as initiator and chloroform as a porogenic solvent. Characterization was done through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and nitrogen adsorption porosimetry. The polymer was further modified to immobilized metal ion affinity chromatographic material, with immobilized Fe³⁺/La³⁺ ions that allowed phosphopeptide enrichment from tryptic digests of standard proteins as well as milk, egg yolk and human serum. Sensitivity of enrichment down to 50 fmol was achieved in the presence of complex protein background as bovine serum albumin. Hydrophobicity was introduced through octadecyl amine, which provides comparable results to ZipTip C₁₈/C₄ for desalting of complex mixtures of all caseins. Analysis of the enriched content was performed by Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry (MALDI‐MS). Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Determination of guaiphenesin and sodium benzoate in Liqufruta garlic cough medicine by high performance liquid chromatography

A new and simple isocratic high-performance liquid chromatographic method with ultraviolet detection is described for simultaneous determination of active guaiphenesin and preservative sodium benzoate in Liqufruta garlic cough medicine formulation. The chromatographic separation was achieved using a Zorbax CN; 150 mm × 4.6 mm and 5 μm particle size column employing acetonitrile and water (20: 80, v/v) containing 0.1% formic acid (pH 3.5 ± 0.05) as the mobile phase. The method was validated with respect to linearity, range, precision, accuracy, specificity, limit of detection and limit of quantitation. The both analytes were detected by UV-Vis detector at 245 nm. The method was linear over the concentration range of 0.2–0.8 mg/mL and 0.02–0.06 mg/mL for guaiphenesin and sodium benzoate, respectively. The limit of detection was found to be 0.14 μg/mL for GP and 0.06 μg/mL for SB and the quantification limit was 0.54 μg/mL for GP and 0.22 for SB. Accuracy, evaluated as recovery, was in the range of 97.8–100.0%. Intra-day precision and intermediate precision showed relative standard deviation <1% in each case.     

From Natural Products to Drugs for Epimutation Computer-Aided Drug Design

The epimutational event, i.e., ectopic methylation in tumor suppressor genes, can lead to gene silencing, thus promoting prognosis of cancer. The progression of DNA methylation is a cycle of demethylation, de novo methylation, and maintenance methylation. The enzyme responsible for maintenance of methylation status is DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1), the continuous activity of which is required to maintain the pattern of epimutation; thus, its inhibition is a promising strategy for the treatment of cancer. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to focus on the recently developed crystal structure of the catalytic site of DNMT1. Here in this study, we have used the crystal structure for the development of non-nucleoside DNMT1 inhibitors using virtual screening (VS), absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination/toxicology analysis, and molecular docking studies. In this study, VS was carried out on 48,531 natural products to create a subset of lead-like natural products. Three of them were found to form hydrogen bonds with the catalytic site of the DNMT1 (Cys 1226). Thus, this study adumbrates potential lead compounds for treatment of epimutation.     

Synthesis of 1‐(p‐Sulphophenyl)‐3‐methyl‐5‐pyrazolone Based Acid Dyes and Their Applications on Leather

A new series of pyrazolone based azo acid dyes (3a–g) has been synthesized starting from 1‐(p‐sul‐phophenyl)‐3‐methyl‐5‐pyrazolone (1). The synthetic methodology included the nitrosation of p‐sulphophenyl methyl pyrazolone followed by reduction, diazotization and coupling with Naphthol AS derivatives (2a–f), in alkaline medium to yield different acid dyes. Multichromic metal complexes of these dyes (5a–f, 6a–f and 7a–f) with 3d transition metals Chromium, Iron and Copper were also synthesized. The structures of all of newly synthesized compounds were confirmed by analytical data and spectroscopic techniques. The synthesized dyes were applied on leather to assess their light fastness, wash fastness and rubbing fastness and were shown to exhibit high values of 4–5 for majority of dyes.     

Determination of 2-(diethylamino)-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl) acetamide in a gel pharmaceutical formulation by high-performance liquid chromatography

An isocratic reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatographic method is developed and validated for the determination of 2-(diethylamino)-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl) acetamide (0.3%, w/w) in a gel formulation. The chromatographic separation is achieved with potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0)-acetonitrile (47:53, v/v) as mobile phase, a C(18) column, and UV detection at 254 nm. The calibration curve is linear (r(2) = 1.000) from 20-140% of the analytical concentration of 1.4 microg/mL. The mean percent relative standard deviation values for intra- and interday precision studies are < 1%. The recovery ranges 99.95-100.23% from a gel formulation. The method is specific and successfully routinely used in quality control for the analysis of bulk gel samples and final product release.     

Validation of high-performance liquid chromatography methods for pharmaceutical analysis. Understanding the differences and similarities between validation requirements of the US Food and Drug Administration,the US Pharmacopeia and the International Conference on Harmonization

One of the most critical factors in developing pharmaceutical drug substances and drug products today is ensuring that the HPLC analytical test methods that are used to analyze the products generate meaningful data. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and United States Pharmacopeia (USP) have each recognized the importance of this to the drug development process and have separately increased validation requirements in recent years. A third source, the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH), has added requirements that, when combined with the previous two sources, have led to three different sets of validation requirements leaving the industry in a state of confusion. This paper is written to clear up the confusion over the validation requirements that are presented by each of these three sources.     

Development and validation of a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method for the determination of 4,5-diazafluoren-9-one

A new liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method is developed and validated for the identification and determination of novel 4,5-diazafluoren-9-one compound. The method employs a Waters XTerra RP-18 column (150 mmx4.6 mm, i.d. 5 microm) with a mobile phase comprised of a (50:50, v/v) mixture of deionized water containing 0.2% acetic acid (solvent A) and methanol (solvent B) at a flow rate of 1 mL/min, at 35 degrees C. The detection is performed with photodiode-array (PDA) set at 210-400 nm and single quadropole mass spectrometer with electrospray ionization (ESI) positive ion mode. The chromatographic separation is achieved in less than 3 min. The linearity is established over the concentration range of 0.1-0.5 mg/mL (r2=1.000). The mean RSD values for intra- and inter-day precision studies are <2%. The recovery of 4,5-diazafluoren-9-one ranged between 99.84 and 99.97%. The limits of detection and quantitation are determined to be 0.58 and 0.1 mg/mL, respectively.     

Amine grafted Fe3O4 immobilized graphene oxide as a recyclable and effectual nanocomposite for the regioselective ring opening reaction

Research on Chemical Intermediates - This work describes the synthesis of magnetic graphene oxide (MGO), where iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles were uniformly deposited over the sheets of the...     

Development and validation of a HPLC method for 4,7-phenanthroline-5,6-dione I and identification of its major impurity by HPLC-MS-APCI

In this study, the development and validation of an analytical method for the assay of 4,7-phenanthroline-5,6-dione I (dione I) using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the determination of its synthetic impurities by employing the method in HPLC-mass spectrometry with atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization and photodiode-array UV detection is reported. The results show that dione I is eluted as a spectrally pure peak resolved from its impurities. 5-Bromo,4-7-phenanthroline is identified as the main impurity. This is supported by elemental analysis of the dione I, which demonstrated the presence of bromine. Validation parameters such as specificity and selectivity, linearity, accuracy, precision, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantitation (LOQ), ruggedness, stability, and system suitability, which are evaluated for this method. The LOD and LOQ are 2.0 microg/mL and 50 microg/mL with a 0.50% relative standard deviation (%RSD), respectively. The calibration curves showed good linearity over the concentration range of 0.05-1.50 mg/mL. The correlation coefficient is > 0.9991 in each case. The %RSD values for intra- and interday precision studies are < 0.40%.