Synthesis and Characterization of New Xanthene Derivatives,and Their Electrochemical Study

This work investigated the synthesis of biphenyl‐3,3′,4,4′‐tetracarboxylic dianhydride and benzophenone‐3,3′,4,4′‐tetracarboxylic dianhydride derivatives ( 3a – e and 6a – e ) with different substituted phenols via Friedel‐Crafts acylation reaction in the presence of dilute sulfuric acid. Dianhydride derivatives with 3‐N,N′‐dimethylamino phenol ( 3d and 6d ) and resorcinol ( 3e and 6e ) have been found to be highly fluorescent. The structures of all newly synthesized compounds were confirmed by the chromatographic, spectral and elemental data. Electrochemical study was done to determine to band gap energy, LUMO and HOMO levels energy. Band gap and LUMO energy levels were found to be lowest in xanthene derivatives substituted with 3‐N,N′‐dimethylamino group having value 2.24 and 4.85 eV respectively.     

On distance dependent entropy measures of poly propylene imine and zinc porphyrin dendrimers

A key paradigm in contemporary research is the use of graphs to represent physical systems, molecular structures, or particularly metal frameworks. Graphs are increasingly widely used in a variety of fields, including the study of quantum and molecular systems, macromolecules and their interactions, socioeconomic and ecological systems, and technical and infra-structural systems. Understanding how these systems function, are robust, and are stable begins with structural characterization. The use of entropies and entropy-like measurements of graphs/structures of molecules/networks is crucial from both a mathematical and physical standpoint. Several entropy measures of graphs have been defined and studied extensively during the last few decades. The current paper is devoted to investigation of distance dependent entropy measures of Poly Propylene Imine (PPI) dendrimers and Zinc Porphyrin dendrimers. The analytical formulae of distance dependent entropy measures have been developed and their patterns have been presented through graphical tools.     

Ferromagnetism in GaN doped with transition metals and rare-earth elements: A review

Gallium nitride is a wide band gap semiconductor material that has drawn significant interest due to its potential applications in opto-electronics and spin-tronics devices that can be operated above room temperature. First principle calculations by density functional theory have a key role in the field of materials science research. Theoretical findings on gallium nitride revealed that it shows ferromagnetic behavior doped by transition metals (i.e. 3d and 4d metals) and rare-earth elements. Ferromagnetism developed in gallium nitride by doping 3d (Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu), 4d metals (Ag and Pd), and rare-earth elements (Eu, Gd, and Ce) is discussed in this review. Effect of concentration on magnetic moment is also discussed. The origin of magnetism and exchange interaction that play a vital role in ferromagnetic and anti-ferromagnetic behavior is also explained. P-d exchange mechanism, s-d hybridization, and exchange mechanism are also explained in detail.     

Synthesis of Copper Oxide-Based Nanoformulations of Etoricoxib and Montelukast and Their Evaluation through Analgesic,Anti-Inflammatory,Anti-Pyretic,and Acute Toxicity Activities

Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) were synthesized through the coprecipitation method and used as nanocarriers for etoricoxib (selective COX-2 inhibitor drug) and montelukast (leukotriene product inhibitor drug) in combination therapy. The CuO NPs, free drugs, and nanoformulations were investigated through UV/Vis spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, XRD, SEM, and DLS. SEM imaging showed agglomerated nanorods of CuO NPs of about 87 nm size. The CE1, CE2, and CE6 nanoformulations were investigated through DLS, and their particle sizes were 271, 258, and 254 nm, respectively. The nanoformulations were evaluated through in vitro anti-inflammatory activity, in vivo anti-inflammatory activity, in vivo analgesic activity, in vivo anti-pyretic activity, and in vivo acute toxicity activity. In vivo activities were performed on albino mice. BSA denaturation was highly inhibited by CE1, CE2, and CE6 as compared to other nanoformulations in the in vitro anti-inflammatory activity. The in vivo bioactivities showed that low doses (5 mg/kg) of nanoformulations were more potent than high doses (10 and 20 mg/kg) of free drugs in the inhibition of pain, fever, and inflammation. Lastly, CE2 was more potent than that of other nanoformulations.     

The Development of Highly Fluorescent Hemicyanine and Dicyanoisophorone Dyes for Applications in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

Journal of Fluorescence - Ruthenium-based metal complex dyes have been employed extensively in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) as photosensitizers, but the cost and toxicity of metal complexes...     

An Overview of the Genetics of Plant Response to Salt Stress: Present Status and the Way Forward

Salinity is one of the major threats faced by the modern agriculture today. It causes multidimensional effects on plants. These effects depend upon the plant growth stage, intensity, and duration of the stress. All these lead to stunted growth and reduced yield, ultimately inducing economic loss to the farming community in particular and to the country in general. The soil conditions of agricultural land are deteriorating at an alarming rate. Plants assess the stress conditions, transmit the specific stress signals, and then initiate the response against that stress. A more complete understanding of plant response mechanisms and their practical incorporation in crop improvement is an essential step towards achieving the goal of sustainable agricultural development. Literature survey shows that investigations of plant stresses response mechanism are the focus area of research for plant scientists. Although these efforts lead to reveal different plant response mechanisms against salt stress, yet many questions still need to be answered to get a clear picture of plant strategy to cope with salt stress. Moreover, these studies have indicated the presence of a complicated network of different integrated pathways. In order to work in a progressive way, a review of current knowledge is critical. Therefore, this review aims to provide an overview of our understanding of plant response to salt stress and to indicate some important yet unexplored dynamics to improve our knowledge that could ultimately lead towards crop improvement.     

Ordered Semigroups Characterized by Their Intuitionistic Fuzzy Generalized Bi-ideals

In this paper, we define intuitionistic fuzzy generalized bi-ideals in ordered semigroups and characterize regular and left weakly regular ordered semigroups in terms of intuitionistic fuzzy generalized bi-ideals.     

Synthesis,Characterization and Fluorescence Studies of Novel Tetrachloroperylene-Azo Hybrid Dyes

Novel rylene-azo hybrid dyes have been synthesized by condensation of azo-dyes with tetrachloroperylene dianhydride, possessing stupendous thermal, chemical and photochemical stability. Phenolic azo dyes are used for the nucleophilic replacement of chlorine substituents at 1,6,7,12-positions of perylene 3,4,9,10-dianhydride system. The absorption maxima (?_max) of these dyes have been determined in diverse solvents such as water, ethanol, methanol, ethyl acetate and N, N-dimethylformamide. Fluorescence spectra are taken in water and highest fluorescence was exhibited by dyes containing carboxylic groups. The ?_max and fluorescence of these dyes is greatly affected by polarity of solvents. The structures of newly synthesized rylene-azo hybrid dyes have been confirmed by UV, FTIR and ¹HNMR spectroscopy.     

Sol–gel synthesis of Eu<Superscript>3+</Superscript>: Tb<Subscript>3</Subscript>Al<Subscript>5</Subscript>O<Subscript>12</Subscript> nanophosphor

Eu (0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 mol%) doped Tb₃Al₅O₁₂ (TAG) was prepared by sol–gel technique through nitrate-citrate route followed by sintering in air (1,100 °C maximum temperature). XRD analysis showed that Eu³⁺ enters the TAG lattice substitutionally replacing the Tb³⁺ ion. Both XRD as well as FTIR investigation showed improvement in crystalline phase with the increase in the sintering temperature. SEM and TEM analysis showed that the powder contains the particles in 5–20 nm size with almost spherical morphology. The excitation spectrum recorded in 300–500 nm showed dominant absorption due to Tb³⁺ while the emission spectra recorded with 380 nm excitation had strong red emission characteristic of Eu³⁺. The intensity of this emission increases with the increase of the Eu concentration from 0.1 to 0.5 mol%. However, the emission intensity decreased on further increase in Eu concentration to 1.0 mol%. This intensity variation with dopant concentration is attributed to well-known “concentration quenching” observed in rare-earth doped materials. Reasonably strong red emission due to Eu was observed when excited with the blue (480 nm) radiation of a Xe lamp indicating the usefulness of the material for the realization of white light LED.