全文获取类型
收费全文 | 2996篇 |
免费 | 81篇 |
国内免费 | 14篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 2088篇 |
晶体学 | 26篇 |
力学 | 43篇 |
数学 | 198篇 |
物理学 | 736篇 |
出版年
2022年 | 19篇 |
2021年 | 23篇 |
2020年 | 36篇 |
2019年 | 31篇 |
2018年 | 27篇 |
2017年 | 29篇 |
2016年 | 58篇 |
2015年 | 40篇 |
2014年 | 65篇 |
2013年 | 124篇 |
2012年 | 143篇 |
2011年 | 160篇 |
2010年 | 77篇 |
2009年 | 86篇 |
2008年 | 162篇 |
2007年 | 169篇 |
2006年 | 170篇 |
2005年 | 154篇 |
2004年 | 115篇 |
2003年 | 110篇 |
2002年 | 109篇 |
2001年 | 80篇 |
2000年 | 69篇 |
1999年 | 59篇 |
1998年 | 35篇 |
1997年 | 31篇 |
1996年 | 34篇 |
1995年 | 33篇 |
1994年 | 29篇 |
1993年 | 35篇 |
1992年 | 56篇 |
1991年 | 52篇 |
1990年 | 34篇 |
1989年 | 36篇 |
1988年 | 43篇 |
1987年 | 37篇 |
1986年 | 36篇 |
1985年 | 57篇 |
1984年 | 42篇 |
1983年 | 35篇 |
1982年 | 34篇 |
1981年 | 27篇 |
1980年 | 27篇 |
1979年 | 32篇 |
1978年 | 22篇 |
1977年 | 24篇 |
1976年 | 26篇 |
1975年 | 19篇 |
1974年 | 19篇 |
1973年 | 23篇 |
排序方式: 共有3091条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
101.
Saito T Koopal LK van Riemsdijk WH Nagasaki S Tanakat S 《Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids》2004,20(3):689-700
The adsorption of natural organic matter (NOM) on mineral (hydr)oxide plays an important role in the evaluation of the speciation of toxic metal ions in the environment. Because both NOM and mineral oxide have variable charges that adjust upon adsorption, a good understanding of proton binding is required before the binding of metal ions can be understood. In this study, the adsorption of purified Aldrich humic acid (PAHA) on goethite was examined as a function of the environmental conditions (pH, salt concentration, and free concentration of PAHA) together with the proton adsorption to PAHA, goethite, and their mixtures. The induced charges on both components were separated on the basis of the difference between the charge/pH curves of the mixture and those of the single components. The electrostatic potential profile across the adsorbed layer was obtained as a numerical solution of the Poisson-Boltzmann equation using the charge density of the adsorbed PAHA and the goethite surface. From the quantitative evaluation of the induced charge on both components, it is revealed that the degree of the charge adjustment is related to the electrostatic affinity between the PAHA segments and the goethite surface, the electrostatic repulsion between the PAHA segments, and the electrostatic shielding by salt ions. Considering the charge distribution of the adsorbed PAHA at the goethite surface, it is concluded that the change of the charge adjustment is sensitive to that of the conformation of the adsorbed PAHA. From the detailed inspection of the assumptions made and the comparison with the reported theoretical calculations, the obtained potential profiles are considered to broadly reflect the true potential profiles. Because a charge adjustment is not frequently considered in detail in relation to the NOM adsorption on metal (hydr)oxides, the obtained results can form the basis for the further development of modeling of the adsorption of NOM on (hydr)oxide surfaces. 相似文献
102.
An on-column fluorometric derivatization method was developed for the determination of histamine and 1-methylhistamine (HMs) by high-performance liquid chromatography. The system for the derivatization consisted only of a commercially available single-plunger pump and a reversed-phase C18 column supported on synthetic polymer with a mobile phase of acetonitrile and alkaline borate buffer solution containing o-phthalaldehyde as a derivatization reagent. It required no additional reaction system as for a post-column derivatization method. Injected HMs might be derivatized to a fluorophore on the inlet site of the high-performance liquid chromatographic column, followed by chromatography on the same column. Optimization of the on-column reaction conditions resulted in a simple and sensitive analytical method for the determination of HMs with excellent reproducibility and linearity of 0.05-5 micrograms/ml of both HMs. Application of this method to the determination of HMs in food samples resulted in a limit of quantification of 0.05 mg/100 g and in a greater than 95% overall mean recovery at a fortification of 0.1 mg/g of both HMs. This method was furthermore applicable to the determination of histamine released from rat peritoneal mast cells. 相似文献
103.
The ethanol vapor adsorption behavior and the inclusion crystal structure of a 1D-transformable coordination polymer host were characterized. The adsorption jump was observed during phase transition or two-phase equilibrium with abnormal adsorption enthalpy caused by the nature of "mass induced phase transition." The included ethanol guests selectively form O-H...O hydrogen bonded pairs inside channels, suggesting selective construction of a specific cluster/aggregate in pores under control of thermodynamic factors and cooperative intermolecular interactions among the guest and channel surface. 相似文献
104.
Large-scale separation of metallic and semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Maeda Y Kimura S Kanda M Hirashima Y Hasegawa T Wakahara T Lian Y Nakahodo T Tsuchiya T Akasaka T Lu J Zhang X Gao Z Yu Y Nagase S Kazaoui S Minami N Shimizu T Tokumoto H Saito R 《Journal of the American Chemical Society》2005,127(29):10287-10290
In the applications of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), it is extremely important to separate semiconducting and metallic SWNTs. Although several methods have been reported for the separation, only low yields have been achieved at great expense. We show a separation method involving a dispersion-centrifugation process in a tetrahydrofuran solution of amine, which makes metallic SWNTs highly concentrated to 87% in a simple way. 相似文献
105.
K Ichimura H Yamanaka K Chiba T Shinozuka Y Shiki K Saito S Kusano S Ameniya K Oyama Y Nozaki 《Journal of chromatography. A》1986,374(1):5-16
Until now, there has been little work covering all of the main native adrenal-cortical steroids in blood. We therefore established a method for the simultaneous quantitative measurement of 14 native adrenal-cortical steroids, which involves capillary column gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC--MS). Serum steroids were purified from serum with the Extrelut mini-column and then converted into stable derivatives for GC-MS by a combination of boronic cyclization and trimethylsilyl and methyloxime derivatization. The sensitivities (with a signal-to-noise ratio greater than or equal to 7) of our GC-MS method ranged from 0.1 to 1.0 ng/ml of serum, and the coefficients of variation of intra- and inter-assays were less than 19% for each steroid. Our newly devised method involving a capillary column GC-MS system has been proven to be a simple and suitable method for a diagnosis requiring simultaneous detection of many native adrenal steroids in clinical practice. The analysis time is only 4 h. 相似文献
106.
[reaction: see text] Chiral C(4)-substituted (E)- or (Z)-1-alkynyl-1-trimethylsilyloxy-2-butene systems provide anti-(Z) or syn-(Z) conjugated dienyne, with a very high level of stereocontrol, on treatment with BF(3).OEt(2) in CH(2)Cl(2) at -50 degrees C in the presence of allyltrimethylsilane. The Cieplak conformation for (E)-substrates and neighboring-group participation for (Z)-substrates are considered to be responsible for the stereochemical consequences. 相似文献
107.
Shuji Saito 《Journal of polymer science. Part A, Polymer chemistry》1970,8(1):263-271
The effects of various alkylammonium thiocyanates (ethyl, butyl, hexyl, and octyl) on aqueous solutions of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and poly(vinyl alcohol–acetate) copolymer (PVA-Ac) were studied and compared with the effects caused by the respective chlorides. Whereas the PVP solution was hardly affected by the chlorides, it was precipitated by n-octylammonium thiocyanate (OASCN) at dilute concentrations and dissolved at higher concentrations. On taking the effects of ammonium chloride and thiocyanate on the solubility of PVA-Ac as references, with increasing of alkyl chain length, alkylammonium chlorides raised the polymer solubility steadily; on the contrary, the thiocyanates at dilute concentrations, except for ethylammonium thiocyanate, lowered it, and OASCN at dilute concentrations, except for ethylammonium thiocyanate, lowered it, and OASCN at dilute concentrations was a particularly strong salting-out agent. The amount of binding of OASCN to the polymers in the precipitated systems was measured. The precipitation was attributed to ion-pair binding of OASCN to the polymers, and the mechanism was discussed in terms of the interaction between the water structure-breaking SCN? and the water structure-making hydrophobic groups. 相似文献
108.
For evaluation of a chiral C2-symmetric bis(oxazoline) ligand, its Lewis acid complexes-catalyzed asymmetric 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions of nitrones with electron-deficient dipolarophiles, 3-(2-alkenoyl)-1,3-oxazolidin-2-ones, have been investigated and it was found that the cycloadditions using a Cu(II)-bis(oxazoline) complex under optimized reaction conditions induced extremely high enantioselectivity. 相似文献
109.
M Saito S Kataoka A Nasu N Yamaji A Ichikawa 《Chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin》1991,39(12):3207-3210
A series of adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphoramidates (3, cAMP amidates), including long-chain alkyl amidates, were synthesized from adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (1, cAMP) by means of a one-pot reaction. This reaction proceeded by the treatment of cAMP tributylammonium salt (2) with phosphorus pentachloride (PCl5) and alkylamine in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF). Compounds 3 synthesized were investigated to determine their cytotoxic activities on the growth of mouse mastocytoma P-815 cells, mouse mammary tumor FM3A cells, and human mammary tumor ZR-75 cells in culture. It was found that compounds 3h-m showed significant cytotoxic activities against these cell lines, and that cAMP decylamidate (3j) was the most cytotoxic compound (the concentration required for 50% inhibition of cell growth, ID50 = 6.0, 15.0, 2.2 microM, respectively); the antitumor effect on P-815 cells by a total packed cell volume method showed 81.8% inhibition. The cytotoxic activity of 3 increased with the increase in alkyl chain length up to 10 carbon atoms and decreased in compounds having longer alkyl chain. 相似文献
110.
Poly(1,4-dimethyl-6-vinylnaphthalene) and poly(1,2,4-trimethyl-6-vinylnaphthalene) react with singlet oxygen to give corresponding endoperoxide polymers which on warming generate singlet oxygen efficiently. Singlet oxygenations by the use of these polymers have been described. 相似文献