Structural characterization techniques for the analysis of semiconductor strained heterostructures

A combined method for structural characterization of strained epitaxial heterostructures involving different techniques such as Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS), multiple crystal X-ray diffractometry (MCD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is presented. In order to obtain a complete characterization of the analysed structure, three different quantities are measured independently: the epilayer thickness, the density of misfit dislocations which may appear at the interface, and the significant components of the strain tensor, mainly the tetragonal distortion, affecting the epilayer lattice. In this way the thermodynamic state and the mechanisms of plastic deformation of the structures can be fully investigated. In this contribution we present and discuss the experimental results concerning a set of InP/GaAs samples having different layer thicknesses ranging from 5 to 500 nm. The thickness of the samples has been determined by RBS. Measurements of in-plane strain and tetragonal distortion have been performed by MCD and RBS-channelling respectively, finally TEM has been used for determining the defects densities and distribution.     

Simultaneous determination of solubility, dissolution and dilution enthalpies of a substance from a single calorimetric experiment

The thermodynamics of dissolution in water of a set of substances has been studied calorimetrically. The examined substances were: potassium chloride, (glycyl-glycyl)diketopiperazine, (alanyl-alanyl)diketopiperazine, (leucyl-glycyl)diketopiperazine. They were chosen on the basis of their solubilities, going from a highly soluble electrolyte to the sparingly soluble diketopiperazines. It is shown that, using a commercially available calorimeter, it is possible to perform in a single calorimetric experiment the simultaneous determination of all thermodynamic parameters characterizing dissolution of a substance in a given solvent, i.e. solubility, dissolution enthalpy and dilution enthalpy. The solubility values in water obtained through the proposed method are in good agreement with those reported in the literature and obtained by other techniques.     

Numerical simulation of a double-gate MOSFET with a subband model for semiconductors based on the maximum entropy principle

A nanoscale double-gate MOSFET is simulated with an energy-transport subband model for semiconductors formulated starting from the moment system derived from the Schr?dinger–Poisson–Boltzmann equations. The system is closed on the basis of the maximum entropy principle and includes scattering of electrons with acoustic and non-polar optical phonons. The proposed expression of the entropy combines quantum effects and semiclassical transport by weighting the contribution of each subband with the square modulus of the envelope functions arising from the Schr?dinger–Poisson subsystem. The simulations show that the model is able to capture the relevant confining and transport features and assess the robustness of the numerical scheme.     

Structures of Highly Twisted Amides Relevant to Amide N−C Cross‐Coupling: Evidence for Ground‐State Amide Destabilization

Herein, we show that acyclic amides that have recently enabled a series of elusive transition‐metal‐catalyzed N?C activation/cross‐coupling reactions are highly twisted around the N?C(O) axis by a new destabilization mechanism of the amide bond. A unique effect of the N‐glutarimide substituent, leading to uniformly high twist (ca. 90°) irrespective of the steric effect at the carbon side of the amide bond has been found. This represents the first example of a twisted amide that does not bear significant steric hindrance at the α‐carbon atom. The ¹⁵N NMR data show linear correlations between electron density at nitrogen and amide bond twist. This study strongly supports the concept of amide bond ground‐state twist as a blueprint for activation of amides toward N?C bond cleavage. The new mechanism offers considerable opportunities for organic synthesis and biological processes involving non‐planar amide bonds.     

Electrochemical Approach for the Production of Layered Double Hydroxides with a Well-Defined Co/MeIII Ratio

Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) have been widely studied for their plethora of fascinating features and applications. The potentiostatic electrodeposition of LDHs has been extensively applied in the literature as a fast and direct method to substitute classical chemical routes. However, the electrochemical approach does not usually allow for a fine control of the M^II/M^III ratio in the synthesized material. By employing a recently proposed potentiodynamic method, LDH films of controlled composition are herein prepared with good reproducibility, using different ratios of the trivalent (Fe or Al) to bivalent (Co) cations in the electrolytic solution. All the obtained materials are shown to be effective oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysts, and are thoroughly characterized by a multi-technique approach, including FE-SEM, XRD, Raman, AES and a wide range of electrochemical procedures.     

Electrophilicity Scale of Activated Amides: 17O NMR and 15N NMR Chemical Shifts of Acyclic Twisted Amides in N−C(O) Cross-Coupling

The structure and properties of amides are of tremendous interest in organic synthesis and biochemistry. Traditional amides are planar and the carbonyl group non-electrophilic due to n_N→π*_C=O conjugation. In this study, we report electrophilicity scale by exploiting ¹⁷O NMR and ¹⁵N NMR chemical shifts of acyclic twisted and destabilized acyclic amides that have recently received major attention as precursors in N-C(O) cross-coupling by selective oxidative addition as well as precursors in electrophilic activation of N-C(O) bonds. Most crucially, we demonstrate that acyclic twisted amides feature electrophilicity of the carbonyl group that ranges between that of acid anhydrides and acid chlorides. Furthermore, a wide range of electrophilic amides is possible with gradually varying carbonyl electrophilicity by steric and electronic tuning of amide bond properties. Overall, the study quantifies for the first time that steric and electronic destabilization of the amide bond in common acyclic amides renders the amide bond as electrophilic as acid anhydrides and chlorides. These findings should have major implications on the fundamental properties of amide bonds.     

Calorimetric, conductometric and density measurements of iteratively filtered water using 450, 200, 100 and 25 nm Millipore filters

This study presents some experimental results on the variation of the physico-chemical properties of pure MilliQ water, when subjected to a procedure of iterated filtration through Millipore filters with porosity ranging from 450 to 25 nm. The parameters measured were: calorimetry, electrical conductivity, density, and pH. Release of chemical impurities can be ruled out due to the nature of the materials used. As in the case of iteratively filtered water prepared using Pyrex glass filters, the specific electrical conductivity and the pH were found to increase with increasing number of iterations. There was also a dependence on the average pore size of the filters. The idea of water as a system capable of self-organization triggered by various perturbations (mechanical and/or electromagnetic) is gaining momentum. It responds to such perturbations by forming dissipative structures, i.e., far-from-equilibrium systems.