Development of a capillary gel electrophoresis method for monitoring disulfide isomer heterogeneity in IgG2 antibodies

A CGE method for monitoring the disulfide isomer distribution characteristic of IgG2 MAbs is presented. Disulfide heterogeneity of MAbs has been studied using various chromatographic and electrophoretic methods. Although CGE operates using a different selectivity mechanism from that of sorption chromatographic techniques, similar trends are present in the data, which allow the CGE method to be used as a complementary method for studying disulfide isomer distribution. This article focuses on the optimization of a capillary‐based gel electrophoresis method that can be used to support antibody development including bioprocess optimization, antibody characterization, release, and formulation stability assessment.     

A three-field,bi-domain based approach to the strongly coupled electromechanics of the heart

We propose a novel, unconditionally stable and fully coupled finite element method for the bidomain based approach to cardiac electromechanics. To this end, the transmembrane potential, the extracellular potential, and the displacement field are treated as independent variables such that the already coupled electrophysiology problem in the bidomain setting is further extended to the electromechanical coupling. In this multifield problem, the intrinsic coupling arises from both excitation-induced contraction of cardiac cells and the deformation-induced generation of intra-cellular currents. The respective bidomain reaction-diffusion and the momentum balance equations are recast into the corresponding weak forms through a conventional isoparametric Galerkin approach. The resultant set of non-linear residual equations is consistently linearized. The monolithic scheme is employed to avoid stability issues that may arise due to the strong coupling between excitation and deformation. The performance of the put forward framework is further assessed through three-dimensional representative electromechanical initial-boundary value problems. (© 2011 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

A short note on solvability of systems of interval linear equations

In this note we formulate necessary and sufficient conditions for strong solvability and feasibility of systems of linear interval equations in terms of absolute value inequalities.     

Live Cell Imaging With Biocompatible Fluorescent Carbon Quantum Dots Derived From Edible Mushrooms Agaricus bisporus,Pleurotus ostreatus,and Suillus luteus

In the study, fluorescent imaging of live cells was performed using fluorescent carbon quantum dots derived from edible mushrooms species; Agaricus bisporus, Pleurotus ostreatus, and Suillus luteus as a fluorophore agent. Carbon quantum dots were synthesized through a facile and low-cost method based on microwave irradiation of dried mushroom samples in hydrogen peroxide solution under optimized conditions (microwave energy, solution type, duration of microwave treatment, amount of mushroom). Upon purification with centrifugation, microfiltration, and dialysis, the lyophilized carbon quantum dots were identified through UV–visible, fluorescence and FT-IR, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and quantum yield calculation. Cell viability assessment of the carbon quantum dots was evaluated against human epithelial cell line PNT1A using the Alamar Blue Assay. In vitro fluorescence cell imaging studies demonstrated that the carbon dots could dynamically penetrate the cell membrane and nuclear membrane and localize in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus.

     

高能不等核碰撞和弛豫时间的相对论动力论方程描述

本文用相对论动力论方程描述高能重离子碰撞时空演化,并用它分析在200A GeV的¹⁶O束流和³²S束流下,于快度中心区的末态粒子快度分布,确定了不同系统的弛豫时间.     

Soft set theory and uni–int decision making

We firstly redefine the operations of Molodtsov’s soft sets to make them more functional for improving several new results. We also define products of soft sets and uni–int decision function. By using these new definitions we then construct an uni–int decision making method which selects a set of optimum elements from the alternatives. We finally present an example which shows that the method can be successfully applied to many problems that contain uncertainties.     

Optimal ship navigation with safety distance and realistic turn constraints

We consider the optimal ship navigation problem wherein the goal is to find the shortest path between two given coordinates in the presence of obstacles subject to safety distance and turn-radius constraints. These obstacles can be debris, rock formations, small islands, ice blocks, other ships, or even an entire coastline. We present a graph-theoretic solution on an appropriately-weighted directed graph representation of the navigation area obtained via 8-adjacency integer lattice discretization and utilization of the A^∗ algorithm. We explicitly account for the following three conditions as part of the turn-radius constraints: (1) the ship’s left and right turn radii are different, (2) ship’s speed reduces while turning, and (3) the ship needs to navigate a certain minimum number of lattice edges along a straight line before making any turns. The last constraint ensures that the navigation area can be discretized at any desired resolution. Once the optimal (discrete) path is determined, we smoothen it to emulate the actual navigation of the ship. We illustrate our methodology on an ice navigation example involving a 100,000 DWT merchant ship and present a proof-of-concept by simulating the ship’s path in a full-mission ship handling simulator.     

A Novel Method for the Synthesis of Newfangled Asymmetric Schiff Bases from α‐amino Acids under Ultrasonic Conditions and in Aqueous Medium

Chiral Schiff bases were obtained at high yields via a novel technique. Aryl aldehydes and chiral α‐amino acids were treated (1) in the presence of H₃PO₄ in ethanol at 80°C for 24 h, and (2) in the presence of K₂CO₃ under ultrasonic conditions in an aqueous ethanol medium within 5 min with yields reaching up to 96%. The results showed that the presented methodology under ultrasonic conditions was effective, practical, and eco‐friendly compared to that using an acidic medium. The corresponding asymmetric Schiff bases were synthesized for the first time, and were characterized by ¹H and ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectroscopy and high‐resolution mass spectrometry.