全文获取类型
收费全文 | 4623篇 |
免费 | 463篇 |
国内免费 | 440篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 2991篇 |
晶体学 | 79篇 |
力学 | 171篇 |
综合类 | 30篇 |
数学 | 662篇 |
物理学 | 1593篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 94篇 |
2022年 | 133篇 |
2021年 | 155篇 |
2020年 | 169篇 |
2019年 | 140篇 |
2018年 | 135篇 |
2017年 | 141篇 |
2016年 | 188篇 |
2015年 | 167篇 |
2014年 | 194篇 |
2013年 | 276篇 |
2012年 | 336篇 |
2011年 | 330篇 |
2010年 | 208篇 |
2009年 | 248篇 |
2008年 | 264篇 |
2007年 | 239篇 |
2006年 | 191篇 |
2005年 | 190篇 |
2004年 | 124篇 |
2003年 | 114篇 |
2002年 | 111篇 |
2001年 | 88篇 |
2000年 | 75篇 |
1999年 | 71篇 |
1998年 | 52篇 |
1997年 | 47篇 |
1996年 | 72篇 |
1995年 | 71篇 |
1994年 | 60篇 |
1993年 | 62篇 |
1992年 | 64篇 |
1991年 | 59篇 |
1990年 | 54篇 |
1989年 | 45篇 |
1988年 | 36篇 |
1987年 | 36篇 |
1986年 | 34篇 |
1985年 | 40篇 |
1984年 | 43篇 |
1983年 | 29篇 |
1982年 | 23篇 |
1981年 | 17篇 |
1980年 | 18篇 |
1979年 | 24篇 |
1977年 | 15篇 |
1976年 | 17篇 |
1975年 | 15篇 |
1974年 | 17篇 |
1973年 | 25篇 |
排序方式: 共有5526条查询结果,搜索用时 0 毫秒
101.
An angle-dependent X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) method used to measure the thickness of molecularly thin lubricants was developed. The method was built based on an island model of patched overlayer on a flat substrate by using the photoemission signal solely from the lubricant film. Typical molecularly thin Zdol films on the CHx overcoat of unused commercial magnetic disks were measured to verify the metrology. The lubricant thickness determined by the metrology was equal to the recent result by thermostatic high vacuum atomic force microscopy. The measured deduction in the thickness of the molecularly thin lubricant films, successively irradiated by the monochromatic source operated at 14 kV/250 W, was as low as 1 ? during the first irradiation hour. XPS spectra showed that no hydrocarbons, water or oxygen were adsorbed over the Zdol outer surfaces in the tested XPS conditions. The inelastic mean free path (IMFP) of C 1s in Zdol or in CHx was found to be independent of take off angle (TOA) when TOA < 40°. The IMFP of C 1s in Zdol was ∼63.5 ? and the lubricant island thickness was ∼35 ?. 相似文献
102.
Pons M Ahufinger V Wunderlich C Sanpera A Braungardt S Sen De A Sen U Lewenstein M 《Physical review letters》2007,98(2):023003
We demonstrate the possibility of realizing a neural network in a chain of trapped ions with induced long range interactions. Such models permit one to store information distributed over the whole system. The storage capacity of such a network, which depends on the phonon spectrum of the system, can be controlled by changing the external trapping potential. We analyze the implementation of error resistant universal quantum information processing in such systems. 相似文献
103.
Granwehr J Harel E Hilty C Garcia S Chavez L Pines A Sen PN Song YQ 《Magnetic resonance imaging》2007,25(4):449-452
Remote detection nuclear magnetic resonance and magnetic resonance imaging can be used to study fluid flow and dispersion in a porous medium from a purely Eulerian point of view (i.e., in a laboratory frame of reference). Information about fluid displacement is obtained on a macroscopic scale in a long-time regime, while local velocity distributions are averaged out. It is shown how these experiments can be described using the common flow propagator formalism and how experimental data can be analyzed to obtain effective porosity, flow velocity inside the porous medium, fluid dispersion and flow tracing of fluid. 相似文献
104.
Vikram Sen Neeraj Panwar G.L. Bhalla 《Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids》2007,68(9):1685-1691
We report here the structural, magnetotransport and morphological studies of Sb-doped La2/3Ba1/3Mn1−xSbxO3 perovskite manganites. Pristine material La2/3Ba1/3MnO3 (LBMO) shows two insulator-metal (I-M) transitions in the electrical resistivity-temperature (ρ-T) behavior. While the higher temperature transition (TP1) at ∼340 K is reminiscent of the usual I-M transition in manganites, the lower temperature transition (TP2) at ∼250 K has been ascribed to the grain boundary (GB) effects arising out of the ionic size mismatch between the ions present at the rare-earth site (La3+ and Ba2+). With Sb-doping TP1 shifts to lower temperatures while TP2 remains invariant up to 3% and shifts to lower temperature for 5%. Room temperature electrical resistivity and the peak values also increase successively with Sb-doping. Scanning electron micrographs of the samples exhibit a gradual increase in their grain sizes with Sb indicating a gradual decrease in the GB density. Shift of TP1 with doping is explained on the basis of a competition between double-exchange and super-exchange mechanisms. The overall electrical resistivity increases and the shift in the electrical resistivity hump (TP2) with Sb-doping is found related to be gradually decreasing GB density and the ensuing lattice strain increase at the GBs. The intrinsic magnetoresistance (MR) gets suppressed and extrinsic MR gets enhanced with Sb-doping. At T>TP1, the electrical resistivity is found to follow the adiabatic polaron hopping model whereas the electron-magnon scattering is found to dominate in the metallic regime (T<TP1). 相似文献
105.
报道了高功率全固态腔内和腔外倍频两种绿光激光器研究进展。腔内倍频绿光激光器采用L型腔双棒串接结构,在重复频率10 kHz时,用三硼酸锂晶体倍频获得绿光功率186 W,光-光效率达15.8%。腔外倍频绿光激光器采用主振荡和功率放大器,在重复频率400 Hz时,获得基频激光单脉冲能量1.2 J,采用Ⅱ类相位匹配KTP晶体腔外倍频,获得525 mJ的绿光输出,倍频效率为43.7%。采用偏振合成技术获得了单脉冲能量大于1 J的绿光输出。在该激光放大器实验装置上,进行了双模块热效应补偿技术和受激布里渊散射相位共轭技术实验研究,改善了激光光束质量。 相似文献
106.
The structural properties, elastic properties and electronic structures of hexagonal Al3RE intermetallic compounds are calculated by using first-principles calculations based on density functional theory. Since there exists strong on-site Coulomb repulsion between the highly localized 4f electrons of RE atoms, we present a combination of the GGA and the LSDA+U approaches in order to obtain the appropriate results. The GGA calculated lattice constants for the hexagonal Al3RE intermetallic compounds are in good agreement with available experimental values. The results of cohesive energy indicate that these compounds can be stable under absolute zero Kelvin and the stability of Al3Gd is the strongest in all of the hexagonal Al3RE compounds. The densities of states for GGA and LSDA+U approaches are also obtained for the Al3RE intermetallic compounds. The mechanical properties are calculated from the GGA method in this paper. According to the computed single crystal elastic constants, Al3La, Al3Sm and Al3Gd are mechanically unstable, while Al3Ce, Al3Pr and Al3Nd are stable. The polycrystalline elastic modulus and Poisson’s ratio have been deduced by using Voigt-Reuss-Hill (VRH) approximations, and the calculated ratio of bulk modulus to shear modulus indicates that Al3La compound is ductile material, but Al3Ce, Al3Pr, Al3Nd, Al3Sm and Al3Gd are brittle materials. 相似文献
107.
A. K. Sen R. Bera P. K. Karmakar 《International Journal of Infrared and Millimeter Waves》1997,18(11):2233-2257
The use of Ka Band (20/30 GHz) for future satellite communications has been addressed. The exploitation of Ka band with a
bandwidth of 2500 MHz seems to represent the largest significant achievement in satellite communications potential, so far.
The problems associated with the use of this frequency band such as attenuation and receiver noise temperature (floor) variation
with rain has been addressed. The receiver noise floor variation with rain has so far been ignored. Therefore, in view of
propagation and noise study over this Ka Band, both signal attenuation and receiver noise floor variations with rain rate
are estimated using dual frequency radiometers operating at 22.235 and 31.4 GHz over a tropical station, Calcutta, India. 相似文献
108.
Mrinmay Pal Somnath Bandyopadhyay Palas Biswas Rimlee Debroy M. C. Paul Ranjan Sen Kamal Dasgupta S. K. Bhadra 《Optical and Quantum Electronics》2007,39(14):1231-1243
In this paper, gain flatness is studied for simultaneous 16-ITU-T channel amplifications at C-band (1,532–1,558 nm) in a single
stage EDFA for WDM application at different average inversion levels. The inversion levels are varied due to the change of
the input signal levels from the targeted operating point and also for dropping few numbers of channels. Specially designed
gain flattening filter (GFF) is used in order to get the flat gain with gain variation ±0.5 dB for −20 dBm/ch input signal
power (total input signal power is −8.0 dBm) at a fixed average inversion level which is maintained by proper selection of
optimum fibre length and pump power. A specific loss spectrum of GFF is obtained by writing a chirped fibre Bragg grating
of length 20 mm. Gain variations are studied by changing the total input signal levels from −8.0 dBm to −20.0 dBm and maintained
within 20.0 ± 0.5 dB by using automatic gain control (AGC) circuit. About 15 out of 16 channels are dropped and observed ±
0.5 dB gain-variation which is an important parameter in optical network system. 相似文献
109.
We report the fabrication of one-dimensional (1D) Bi nanowires grown on Ag(1 1 1) with average lateral width from 9 to 20 nm by physical vapor deposition in ultra high vacuum conditions. In situ low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy analyses reveal that the preferred growth of 1D Bi nanostructures is driven by the highly anisotropic bonding in the crystallographic structure of the Bi(1 1 0) plane. The Bi nanowires grow along direction and align with the directions on Ag(1 1 1). The growth of the Bi nanowires proceeds in a bilayer growth mode resulting from the layer pairing in Bi(1 1 0) which saturates the dangling bonds and lowers the total energy. 相似文献
110.
The ionization spectrum of sulfur dioxide has been successfully studied by using the symmetry-adapted-cluster configuration-interaction (SAC-CI) general-R and SD-R methods and the basis set correlation-consistent polarized valence triple-zeta (cc-pVTZ). The SAC-CI general-R method reproduces the experimental spectrum well for both the main peaks and the satellite peaks of ionization spectrum of SO2. The sequence of ionic states corresponding to main peaks of SO2 has been re-determined according to the SAC-CI conclusions and it is reordered as X^2A1, A^2B2, B2A2, C^2B1,D^2A1, E^2B2 and F^2A1. Besides, the equilibrium structures and adiabatic ionization potentials (AIPs) of ionic states of main peaks of SO2 are calculated by using the SAC-CI SD-R method. 相似文献