A review of the electrical hypothesis of sonoluminescence

The new electrical hypothesis proposed by Degrois and Baldo has been reviewed. The results show that the hypothesis is incompatible with the experimental observations.     

Viscosity of cesium halides,rubidium nitrate,and rubidium lodide in diethyleneglycol and aqueous diethyleneglycol at 25°C

The viscosity of cesium chloride, bromide, and iodide, rubidium nitrate and rubidium iodide in diethyleneglycol, and aqueous diethyleneglycol (20% by weight) at 25°C and at concentrations varying from 0.01 to 0.1M are reported. The results are interpreted in terms of the structure-making/structure-breaking capacity of the electrolyte by estimating theB coefficient of the Jones-Dole equation.     

KETAMINE-IN OIL-IN-WATER MULTIPLE EMULSION FOR PROLONGED DRUG RELEASE

A preparation of Ketamine [2-(Chlorophenyl)-2-(methylamino) cyclohexanone, C₁₃H₁₆ClNO, anesthetic agent] in oil in water multiple emulsion for prolonged drug release was formulated and evaluated. Ketamine, the cyclohexylamine, is used as a short-acting anaesthetic in humans and in some animal species [1]. Ketamine is poorly bound to plasma proteins and has a half-life of approximately 4 hours following intravenous injection [2]. Ketamine leaves the blood very rapidly to be distributed into the tissues with a high lipid solubility [2]. The recommended dosage of intravenous Ketamine is 2.5-20mg/kg [3]. The LD50 injected intraperitoneally in mice and rats is 100 times the intravenous and 30 times the intramuscular dose used in humans.

The objective of this study was to test the concept that a multiple emulsion could be formulated which has high porosity and lower viscosity at 37°C consistent with its intended use for sustained drug release and to prolong the half-life of the anesthesia. The results showed that the Ketamine (100mg/ml in inner phase) released 8.2% at 10 minutes, 67.0% at 30 minutes, and 95.5% at 60 minutes from the Ketamine/O/W multiple emulsion in a well-controlled manner.     

Oxidation of Methyl Function of 3,3-(3-Fluorobenzyl)-2-Propanone by Thionyl Chloride

In the presence of a catalytic amount of a tertiary amine, thionyl chloride generally oxidizes carboxylic acids^1,2 and ketones¹ at α carbon atoms to form α-chloro-α-chlorosulfenyl derivatives and their subsequent reaction products. Examination of reaction mixtures of thionyl chloride with a number of variously substituted 4-aryl-2-butanones revealed that in the case of the 3-methoxy or 3-hydroxy derivatives, cyclization onto the aromatic ring to form a benzo[b] thiophene competes quite favorably with cyclization onto enol to form a thietanone.⁴ The results were consistent only with thionyl chloride oxidation proceeding exclusively at the methylene position.     

Bioconcentration of zinc and its effect on the biochemical constituents of the gill tissues of Labeo rohita: An FT-IR study

In the present work, an attempt has been made to assess the bioconcentration and distribution of zinc on the selected organs of Labeo rohita and to study the effect of zinc exposure on the biochemical constitutions of gill tissues of L. rohita by using FT-IR Spectroscopy. The concentration pattern in the organs reveals that the liver is the prime site of metal binding and muscle accumulates least metal concentration. The accumulation profile is in the order: liver > gill > kidney > brain > bone > muscle. It has also been observed that the administration of chelating agent d-Penicillamine (DPA) reduces the zinc concentration in all tissues more effectively than the administration of the chelating agent Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic acid. The FT-IR spectra reveal that zinc exposure causes significant changes in the biochemical constitutions of the gill tissues. It causes an alteration in the protein secondary structures by decreasing the α-helix and increasing the β-sheet contents. Further, it has been observed that the administration of chelating agent DPA improves the protein and lipid contents in the gill tissues compared to zinc exposed tissues. This result shows that DPA is the effective chelator of zinc in reducing the body burden of L. rohita fingerlings. In conclusion, the findings of the current study suggest that zinc exposure causes significant changes in both lipids and proteins of the gill tissues, and changes the protein profile in favour of β-sheet structure.