Modelling free surfaces in oscillating pipe flows

An oscillating pipe flow with a free surface is investigated numerically and experimentally. The pipe diameter is 12mm. Due to this small diameter capillary forces play an important role. Therefore special attention has to be paid to the flow field near the free surface. The numerical model is based on the fundamental flow equations. The free surface is resolved according to the volume-of-fluid method. The model equations are solved on a moving grid. In the experiment, pictures of the flow field are taken near the free surface. The effects occuring near the interface will be presented here. (© 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Desymmetrization of an Octahedral Coordination Complex Inside a Self‐Assembled Exoskeleton

The synthesis of a centrally functionalized, ribbon‐shaped [6]polynorbornane ligand L that self‐assembles with Pd^II cations into a {Pd₂ L ₄} coordination cage is reported. The shape‐persistent {Pd₂ L ₄} cage contains two axial cationic centers and an array of four equatorial H‐bond donors pointing directly towards the center of the cavity. This precisely defined supramolecular environment is complementary to the geometry of classic octahedral complexes [M(XY)₆] with six diatomic ligands. Very strong binding of [Pt(CN)₆]^2? to the cage was observed, with the structure of the host–guest complex {[Pt(CN)₆]@Pd₂L₄} supported by NMR spectroscopy, MS, and X‐ray data. The self‐assembled shell imprints its geometry on the encapsulated guest, and desymmetrization of the octahedral platinum species by the influence of the D_4h‐symmetric second coordination sphere was evidenced by IR spectroscopy. [Fe(CN)₆]^3? and square‐planar [Pt(CN)₄]^2? were strongly bound. Smaller octahedral anions such as [SiF₆]^2?, neutral carbonyl complexes ([M(CO)₆]; M=Cr, Mo, W) and the linear [Ag(CN)₂]^? anion were only weakly bound, showing that both size and charge match are key factors for high‐affinity binding.     

Numerical analysis of flow-induced gas entrainment in roll coating

Gas entrainment by plane liquid jets which plunge into a liquid pool is analyzed by numerical simulations. The numerical model is based on the equations of incompressible newtonian fluids flow. The two-phase flow problem is described with the volume-of-fluid method. The dynamic behaviour of the interface is characterized by two similarity parameters, the capillary number Ca = uη/σ and the property number Γ = σ(ρ/η⁴g)^1/3 where u is the velocity, η the dynamic viscosity, σ the interface tension, ρ the density and g the gravitational constant. Numerical simulations are performed with the open source CFD code OpenFOAM. In the simulations the stability of the gas–liquid meniscus is tested for different sets of Ca and Γ. Critical values of Ca which indicate the beginning gas entrainment are deduced from the inspection of the simulation results. The findings of the numerical investigations agree well with corresponding experimental results.     

Systems of oblate molecules. Monte Carlo study

Monte Carlo (MC) simulations were performed for systems of hard oblate spherocylinders with breadth-to-height ratios φ = 0.5–3.5 and packing fractions y = 0.25–0.45 and for Kihara oblate molecule systems of φ = 1 at reduced temperatures T* = 0.75 and 1.0 and y = 0.05–0.45. The compression factors and the dependence of the average correlation functions on the shortest surface-to-surface distance were determined for the case of hard oblate spherocylinders and the compression factors, residual internal energies and average correlation functions for the case of the generalized Kihara molecule systems. In addition, values of the third virial coefficient of the hard oblate spherocylinders were evaluated in the range of φ = 1–3. Results of the MC simulations for the hard oblate spherocylinders compare well with the available data in the literature and theoretical values; thermodynamic functions of the Kihara molecule systems were determined from the second-order perturbation theory. They agree well with our MC values at lower densities and higher reduced temperatures.     

N-2-Pyridinylmethyl-N'-arylmethyl-diaminomaleonitriles: New Highly Selective Chromogenic Chemodosimeters for Copper(II)

Copper chemodosimeters: The copper(II)-promoted air oxidation of 1-3 to form 4-6 permits the highly selective colorimetric detection of Cu(2+) ions. The formation of copper(II) complexes of 4-6 proceeds rapidly, and the chemodosimeters 1-3 are viable at physiological pH.     

Numerical Simulations Of Three Dimensional Glottis Flows

A detailed numerical investigation of the transient three dimensional flow downstream of the human glottis is performed. For the present work a threefoldly scaled up realistic static model of the vocal folds and a transient inflow function, which is obtained from experimental data is applied to the CFD model. In the numerical simulations transient flow features like forming ring vortexes and axis switching are resolved which are also known for elliptical and rectangular jets. Similar structures can also be identified in the results of the time–resolved PIV measurements. The influence of the ventricular folds and the geometrical variation of the glottis contacts are also considered in the numerical study. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Surface States in a Simple Crystal Model

A very simple crystal model of a semi-infinite heteroatomic planar lattice like boronitride is investigated for the energy, wave functions and existence conditions of surface states, using the one-electron Green function method. σ and π electrons are treated separately. For π electrons, we find two surface state bands, both for the electropositive and the electronegative surface. The consequence is the existence of Shockley “subsurface” states. For σ electrons, similar results were found as for the sphalerite-type lattice. The investigated model can also be used to draw qualitative conclusions about the effect of electronic correlation on surface states of planar graphite. The possibility of finding a certain type of “antiferromagnetism” with π electrons localized on the planar graphite boundary is suggested. On étudie un modèle très simple d'un cristal avec un réseau sémi-infini, héteroatomique, comme le boronitride. L'énergie, les fonctions d'onde et des conditions d'existence d'états de surface ont été obtenus par la méthode de la fonction de Green à un électron. Les électrons σ et π ont été traités séparément. Pour les électrons π on trouve deux bandes d'états de surface pour la surface électropositive ainsi que pour la surface électronégative, ce qui implique l'existence d'états de “sous-surface” de Shockley. Pour les électrons σ on trouve des résultats semblables aux ceux qu'on a obtenu pour le réseau de type sphalérite. Le modèle étudié ici peut aussi être employé pour tirer des conclusions qualitatives sur l'effet de la corrélation électronique sur les états de surface du graphite plan. On propose qu'il serait possible de trouver un certain type de “antiferromagnétisme” avec les électrons π localisés sur le bord du graphite plan. Es wurde ein einfaches Modell für ein halb-unendliches, heteroatomares Kristallgitter, wie Boronitrid untersucht. Die Energie, die Wellenfunktionen und Existenzbedingungen für Oberflächenzustände wurden mit der Einelektron-Green-Funktionsmethode erhalten. Die σ- und π-Electronen wurden getrennt behandelt. Für die π-Elektronen finden wir zwei Bände für Oberflächenzustände, sowohl für die elektropositive als für die elektronegative Oberfläche. Als Folgerung erhalten wir die Shockleysche unteroberflächenzustände. Für die σ-Elektronen wurden ähnliche Resultate als für das Sphaleritgitter gefunden. Das untersuchte Modell kann auch dafür angewendet werden, urn den Effekt der elektronischen Korrelation auf die Oberflächenzustände planares Graphits in qualitativer Weise zu diskutieren. Es wurde vorgeschlagen, dass es möglich wäre, eine gewisse Art von “Antiferromagnetismus” der π-Elektronen die auf der Grenze planares Graphits lokalisiert sind, zu finden.