Goldstone mode singularities and equation of state of an isotropic magnet

Static properties of an isotropic magnet are calculated in the whole critical region including the magnetization curve. The method proposed is a resummation of renormalized perturbation theory without use of recursion relations. This is possible because only special diagrams or subdiagrams show infrared divergencies at the magnetization curve due to Goldstone modes. The arguments given are heavily based on Ward identities. The resulting perturbation theory is well behaved in the total critical region and exhibits explicitely the form of the Goldstone mode singularities at the magnetization curve. The equation of state is calculated including two-loop contribution. Resulting effective exponents are then correct in order in the whole critical region. In various limits agreement with known results is found. A one-loop calculation of the correlation functions is also given.     

Beiträge zur Chemie der Pyrrolpigmente, 78. Mitt.: Die Eigenschaften desb-Nor-bilatrien-abc-b-Nor-biladien-ac-Systems

The redox coupleb-nor-biladiene-ac (2)/b-nor-bilatriene-abc (3) exhibits an oxidative half wave potential of 800 mV in acetonitrile solution. It is demonstrated that it can be used as an extremely efficient electron carrier through bulk membranes. Whereas2 is not suitable as a ligand in carrier mediated cation transport,3 is a medium suited carrier for Cu(II) or Zn(II) ions, however, it is the most efficient one found so far for transport of Hg(II) ions. A 1:1 zinc chelate of3 is isolated and characterized. it is deduced to represent a polymer consisting of about 73 monomer units.

     

Einflu? der Wertigkeit bei der flammenabsorptionsspektrometrischen Bestimmung des Chroms

Zusammenfassung Die Intensität des flammenabsorptionsspektrometrischen Cr-Signals hängt in einer sehr komplexen Weise von der Wertigkeit des Chroms und der Flammentemperatur ab. Ferner ist ein ausgeprägter Kalium-Einfluß vorhanden. Alle diese Schwierigkeiten können am besten dadurch eliminiert werden, daß in der Lachgasflamme gearbeitet und die Analysenlösung mit einer höheren K-Konzentration gepuffert wird.

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Effect of valency on the determination of chromium by flame absorption spectrometry

The intensity of the chromium signal in AAS depends in a very complex manner strongly on the valency of the Cr and the flame temperature. It is furthermore influenced by potassium, if present. The best way to overcome all these interferences is to use the nitrous oxide flame and to buffer the solution with a higher concentration of potassium.

     

Photolyse von 3-Methyl-2, 1-benzisoxazol (3-Methylanthranil) und 2-Azido-acetophenon in Gegenwart von Schwefelsäure und Benzolderivaten

Photolysis of 3-Methyl-2, 1-benzisoxazole (3-Methylanthranil) and 2-Azido-acetophenone in the Presence of Sulfuric Acid and Benzene Derivatives Irradiation of 3-methylanthranil ( 1 ) in acetonitrile in the presence of sulfuric acid and benzene, toluene, p-xylene, mesitylene or anisole with a mercury high-pressure lamp through a pyrex filter yields beside varying amounts of 2-amino-acetophenone ( 3 ) and 2-amino-5-hydroxy- ( 4a ) and 2-amino-3-hydroxy-acetophenone ( 4b ) the corresponding diphenylamine derivatives 5 (see Table 1). In the case of toluene and anisole mixtures of the corresponding ortho- and para-substituted isomers ( 5b, 5d or 5g, 5i respectively), but no meta-substituted isomers ( 5c or 5h ) are obtained. In addition to these products, the irradiation of 1 in the presence of anisole yields also 2-amino-5-(4′-methoxyphenyl)-acetophenone ( 7 ), 2-amino-3-(4′-methoxyphenyl)-acetophenone ( 8 ) and 2-methoxy-9-methyl-acridine ( 6 ; see Scheme 1). The latter product is also formed thermally by acid catalysis from the diphenylamine derivative 5i . Irradiation of 2-azido-acetophenone ( 2 ) in acetonitrile solution in the presence of sulfuric acid and benzene leads to the formation of 1, 3, 4a, 4b, 5a and 9 (see Table 2). Compounds 3, 4a, 4b and 5a are also obtained after acid catalyzed decomposition of 2 in the presence of benzene. Thus, it is concluded that irradiation of 1 or 2 in the presence of sulfuric acid yields 2-acetyl-phenylnitrenium ions 10 in the singlet ground state which will undergo electrophilic substitution of the aromatic compounds, perhaps via the π-complex 11 (see Scheme 2).     

Photochemische Cycloadditionen von 3-Phenyl-2H-azirinen an Carbonsäurechloride. 35. Mitteilung über Photoreaktionen

Irradiation of 2, 3-diphenyl-2H-azirine ( 1a ) and 1-azido-1-phenyl-propene, the precursor of 2-methyl-3-phenyl-2H-azirine ( 1b ), in benzene, with a high pressure mercury lamp (pyrex filter) in the presence of acid chlorides yields the oxazoles 5a–d (Scheme 2). Photolysis of 2, 2-dimethyl-3-phenyl-2H-azirine ( 1c ) under the same conditions gives after methanolysis the 5-methoxy-2, 2-dimethyl-4-phenyl-3-oxazolines 7a, b, d , while hydrolysis of the reaction mixture leads to the formation of the 1, 2-diketones 8a, c, d (Scheme 4). The suggested reaction path for all these reactions is a 1, 3-dipolar cycloaddition of the photochemically generated benzonitrilemethylides 2 to the carbonyl double bond of the acid chlorides to give the intermediates 4 , followed by either elimination of hydrogen chloride or solvolysis (Schemes 2 and 4). Irradiation of 1c in the presence of acetic acid anhydride leads via the intermediate 9 to the 5-hydroxy-3-oxazoline 10 and the 5-methylidene-3-oxazoline 11 (Scheme 5).     

Optisch aktive übergangsmetall-komplexe LXIV. Neue optisch aktive Cp(CO)Fe-acyl-komplexe mit

The novel complexes CpFe(CO)(COR)P(C₆H₅)₂NR'R^* with Cp = C₅H₅,C₉H₇ (indenyl); R = CH₃, C₂H₅, CH(CH₃)₂, CH₂C₆H₅;R` = H, CH<sub>3</sub>, C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>, CH<sub>2</sub>C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub> and R<sup>*</sup> = (S)-CH(CH<sub>3</sub>)(C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>), have been synthesized by reaction of CpFe(CO)<sub>2</sub>R wiht P(C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>)<sub>2</sub>NR`R^* and characterized analytically as well as spectroscopically. The pairs of diastereoisomers RS/SS have been separated by preparative liquid chromatography and fractional crystallization, respectively. The optically pure complexes (+)₄₃₆- und ()₄₃₆-CpFe(CO)(COR)P(C₆H₅)₂NR`R^* are configurationally stable at room temperature. At higher temperatures they equilibrate with CpFe(CO)₂R and epimerize with respect to the Fe configuration.     

Ringerweiterungen und Ringverengungen bei der Umsetzung von 1, 3-Oxazolidin-2, 4-dionen und 1, 3-Thiazoiidin-2, 4-dion mit 3-Amino-2H-azirinen

Ring Enlargements and Ring Contractions in the Reaction of 1, 3-Oxazolidine-2, 4-diones and l, 3-Thiazolidine-2, 4-dione with 3-Amino-2H-azirines The reaction of 3-amino-2H-azirines 1 and 1, 3-oxazolidine-2, 4-diones 2 in MeCN at room temperature leads to 3, 4-dihydro-3-(2-hydroxyacetyl)-2H-imidazol-2-ones 3 in good yield (Scheme 2, Table 1). A reaction mechanism proceeding via ring enlargement of the bicyclic zwitterion A to give B, followed by transannular ring contraction to C, is proposed for the formation of 3 . This mechanism is in accordance with the result of the reaction of 2a and the ¹⁵N-labelled 1a *: in the isolated product 3a *, only N(3) is labelled (Scheme 1). The analogous reaction of 1 and 1, 3-thiazolidine-2, 4-dione ( 5 ) is more complex (Schemes 4 and 5, Table 2). Besides the expected 3, 4-dihydro-3-(2-mercaptoacetyl)-2H-imidazol-2-ones 7, 5-amino-3, 4-dihydro-2H-imidazol-2-ones of type 8 and/or N-(1, 4-thiazin-2-ylidene)ureas 9 are formed. In the case of 2-(dimethylamino)-1-azaspiro[2. 3]hex-1-ene ( 1d ), the postulated eight-membered intermediate 6d could be isolated. Its structure as well as that of 9f has been determined by X-ray structure analysis. A reaction mechanism for the formation of the 1, 4-thiazine derivatives of type 9 is proposed in Scheme 6.     

Thermisches Verhalten von 1,2-Dipropenylbenzolen

1-cis, 2-cis-Dipropenylbenzene (cis, cis- 1 ) isomerises thermally at 215–235° with 1st order kinetics to give trans, cis- 1 and vice versa. At equilibrium 89% trans, cis- and 11% cis, cis- 1 are present. It is shown by thermal rearrangement of cis, cis-2′, 2″-d₂- 1 that the isomerisation is attributable to aromatic [1, 7a]-sigmatropic H-shifts. trans, trans- 1 rearranges thermally at 225–245° to yield 2, 3-dimethyl-1, 2-dihydronaphthalene ( 2 ). The formation of 2 can be visualized by disrotatory ring closure followed by an aromatic [1, 5s]-sigmatropic H-shift. 2 is also formed when, cis, cis- or trans, cis- 1 are heated for 153 h at 225°. Besides 2 a small amount (3%) of 1-ethyl-1, 2-dihydronaphthalene ( 5 ) is formed. The rearrangement of trans, trans- 1 and trans, trans-2′, 2″-d₂- 1 shows a secondary isotope effect k_H/k_D = 0,90.     

Insertion reactions of hydridonitrosyltetrakis(trimethylphosphine) tungsten(0)

[W(H)(NO)(PMe3)4] (1) was prepared by the reaction of [W(Cl)(NO)(PMe3)4] with NaBH4 in the presence of PMe3. The insertion of acetophenone, benzophenone and acetone into the W-H bond of 1 afforded the corresponding alkoxide complexes [W(NO)(PMe3)4(OCHR1R2)](R1 = R2 = Me (2); R1 = Me, R2 = Ph (3); R1 = R2 = Ph (4)), which were however thermally unstable. Insertion of CO2 into the W-H bond of yields the formato-O complex trans-W(NO)(OCHO)(PMe3)4 (5). Reaction of trans-W(NO)(H)(PMe3)4 with CO led to the formation of mer-W(CO)(NO)(H)(PMe3)3 (6) and not the formyl complex W(NO)(CHO)(PMe3)4. Insertion of Fe(CO)(5), Re2(CO)10 and Mn2(CO)10 into trans-W(NO)(H)(PMe3)4 resulted in the formation of trans-W(NO)(PMe3)4(mu-OCH)Fe(CO)4 (7), trans-W(NO)(PMe3)4(mu-OCH)Re2(CO)9 (8) and trans-W(NO)(PMe3)4(mu-OCH)Mn2(CO)9 (9). For Re2(CO)10, an equilibrium was established and the thermodynamic data of the equilibrium reaction have been determined by a variable-temperature NMR experiments (K(298K)= 104 L mol(-1), DeltaH=-37 kJ mol(-1), DeltaS =-86 J K(-1) mol(-1)). Both compounds 7 and 8 were separated in analytically pure form. Complex 9 decomposed slowly into some yet unidentified compounds at room temperature. Insertion of imines into the W-H bond of 1 was also additionally studied. For the reactions of the imines PhCH=NPh, Ph(Me)C=NPh, C6H5CH=NCH2C6H5, and (C6H5)2C=NH with only decomposition products were observed. However, the insertion of C10H7N=CHC6H5 into the W-H bond of led to loss of one PMe3 ligand and at the same time a strong agostic interaction (C17-H...W), which was followed by an oxidative addition of the C-H bond to the tungsten center giving the complex [W(NO)(H)(PMe3)3(C10H6NCH2Ph)] (10). The structures of compounds 1, 4, 7, 8 and 10 were studied by single-crystal X-ray diffraction.     

Extension of conjugation leading to bathochromic or hypsochromic effects in OPV series

Four OPV series 1-4 (a-d) with a terminal dialkylamino group as electron donor were prepared by Wittig-Horner reactions. To study the influence of the push-pull effect on the long-wavelength absorption, three of the four series contained terminal acceptor groups (CN, CHO, NO(2)). The length of the chromophores strongly affects the intramolecular charge transfer (ICT)-an effect which superimposes upon the extension of the conjugation. Increasing numbers n of repeat units cause an overall bathochromic shift for the purely donor-substituted series 1 a-4 a and the series 1 b-4 b with CN as weak acceptor. The two effects annihilate each other in the series 1 c-4 c with terminal CHO groups, so that the absorption maxima are almost independent of the length of the chromophore. A hypsochromic shift is observed for the series 1 d-4 d, which contains the strong acceptor group NO(2). This anomaly disappears on protonation of the dialkylamino group because the push-pull effect disappears in the ammonium salts. The results can be explained by semiempirical quantum mechanics (AM1, INDO/S). The HOMO-LUMO transition, which is mainly responsible for the ICT, becomes less important in the electron transitions S(0)-->S(1) when the distance between donor and acceptor is increased. The commonly used VB model, which contains an electroneutral and a zwitterionic resonance structure, is contrasted with a MO model with dipole segments at both ends of the OPV chains. The latter model turned out to be more appropriate-at least for donor-acceptor-substituted OPVs with n >/= 2.