Generation of a homogeneous plasma and wide ion beams in a penning system with a nonequipotential cathode

A study is made of the possibility of controlling the spatial distribution of the degree of ionization in a modified Penning cell with a cathode divided into several sections that are at different potentials. It is shown that an almost uniform plasma can be produced when applying an optimal potential of the control electrode. This enables the generation of wide ion beams in this system. An ion extraction efficiency of several tens of percent is achieved, which is substantially higher than in conventional ion sources.     

Asymmetric synthesis of 6-(2′,3′,4′,5′,6′-pentafluorophenyl)-δ-lactones via “allyl”boranes: application for the synthesis of fluorinated analog of key pharmacophore of statin drugs

Asymmetric “allyl”boration of pentafluorobenzaldehyde with various α-pinene based “allyl”boranes provides homoallylic alcohols in high de and ee; the alcohols have been converted into δ-lactones via acryloylation, ring-closing metathesis and hydrogenation. Pentafluorophenyl analog of key pharmacophore of statin drugs has been synthesized using diastereoselective epoxidation and regioselective reduction as key steps.     

Electrical Conductivity Oscillations in Laminated Charge-Ordered Crystals with a Monotonic Negative Reluctance

In the present paper, the Shubnikov–de Haas oscillation frequencies arising in laminated charge-ordered crystals with a monotonic negative reluctance due to scattering of current carriers on charged impurities with a short-range potential are calculated and classified. It is demonstrated that non-semiclassical oscillation frequencies can be a measure of charge ordering.     

On the Effect of the Strength of Acid Sites in Heterogeneous Catalysts on the Activity in the Skeletal Isomerization of n-Butane

The catalytic activity of three groups of acid catalysts different in the nature and strength of acid sites in the skeletal isomerization of n-butane was studied. It was found that the strength of the sites did not correlate with the rate of the reaction.     

The synthesis mechanism of Ca3Al2O6 from soft mechanochemically activated precursors studied by time-resolved neutron diffraction up to 1000°C

The reaction pathway for the Ca₃Al₂O₆ formation up to 1300°C, from mechanochemically treated mixtures of amorphous aluminum hydroxide and CaCO₃, was studied in situ by differential thermal analysis, constant heating rate dilatometry and time-resolved neutron powder diffraction. The experiment was carried out, in an open system, on a sample with the nominal Ca₃Al₂O₆ stoichiometry. The results obtained by neutron diffractometry and thermal analysis were in good agreement with the data obtained by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction on heat-treated and-quenched samples. The synthesis path implied the formation of cryptocrystalline Al₂O₃, crystalline CaO, CaAl₂O₄ and Ca₁₂Al₁₄O₃₃ as transitory phases. Finally the nucleation and growth of the single phase Ca₃Al₂O₆ took place at 1300°C and exhibited porous structure due to CO₂ and H₂O release.     

Liquid-Vapor Equilibrium in the Isobutanol-n-Butanol-Butyl Butenyl Ether Ternary System,Azeotropy in Butyl Alcohols-Butyl Butenyl Ether-Water Systems,and Separation of Their Components by Distillation

Liquid-vapor equilibria and azeotropy in isobutanol-n-butanol-butyl butenyl ether ternary system and in isobutanol-butyl butenyl ether and n-butanol-butyl butenyl ether binary systems were studied experimentally and calculated, as well as azeotropy in butyl alcohols-butyl butenyl ether-water systems under atmospheric and reduced pressure. Recovery of commercial butyl alcohols by distillation of alcohol-ether fractions was studied.     

A new technique for obtaining the activation energy distribution of a relaxing system

This paper describes a robust and fast fitting procedure applicable for relaxing processes that cannot be understood as a discrete sum of single processes but require an activation energy distribution. The method is based on a set of closed-form expressions that allow the computation of the relaxation parameters directly from the isochronal curves obtained experimentally. The usefulness of this method is checked by analyzing the isochronal curves given by a theoretical energy distribution and the magnetic disaccommodation spectra observed in yttrium iron garnet (YIG) samples. PACS 02.60.Ed; 75.60.Lr; 75.50.Gg     

Vibrations of excited molecules at combination and difference frequencies

In the context of the theory of molecular vibrations, by applying the direct product operation of matrices, an equation for the vibrations of vibrationally excited molecules at combination and difference frequencies is obtained. From the solution of this equation, elements of vibration patterns and expressions that can be used for the study of changes in the molecular structural parameters and the coefficients of kinematic interactions are determined. The formulas obtained are applied to the calculation of the anharmonic electro-optical parameters of the molecules of water H₂O and its two isotopes H₂ ¹⁷O and H₂ ¹⁸O. These calculations are performed in terms of the semiempirical quantum-chemical CNDO/2 method and by numerical differentiation of dipole moment functions by employing a cubic spline approximation.