全文获取类型
收费全文 | 1581篇 |
免费 | 72篇 |
国内免费 | 15篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 933篇 |
晶体学 | 17篇 |
力学 | 35篇 |
数学 | 380篇 |
物理学 | 303篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 3篇 |
2023年 | 16篇 |
2022年 | 38篇 |
2021年 | 44篇 |
2020年 | 33篇 |
2019年 | 43篇 |
2018年 | 44篇 |
2017年 | 51篇 |
2016年 | 62篇 |
2015年 | 44篇 |
2014年 | 98篇 |
2013年 | 144篇 |
2012年 | 113篇 |
2011年 | 98篇 |
2010年 | 87篇 |
2009年 | 67篇 |
2008年 | 100篇 |
2007年 | 81篇 |
2006年 | 81篇 |
2005年 | 56篇 |
2004年 | 63篇 |
2003年 | 51篇 |
2002年 | 41篇 |
2001年 | 19篇 |
2000年 | 19篇 |
1999年 | 19篇 |
1998年 | 7篇 |
1997年 | 6篇 |
1996年 | 10篇 |
1995年 | 9篇 |
1994年 | 8篇 |
1993年 | 9篇 |
1992年 | 10篇 |
1991年 | 7篇 |
1990年 | 5篇 |
1989年 | 12篇 |
1988年 | 8篇 |
1987年 | 7篇 |
1986年 | 3篇 |
1985年 | 7篇 |
1984年 | 7篇 |
1983年 | 5篇 |
1982年 | 15篇 |
1981年 | 1篇 |
1980年 | 7篇 |
1979年 | 4篇 |
1978年 | 3篇 |
1976年 | 1篇 |
1973年 | 1篇 |
1972年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有1668条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
101.
Thermal conductance of nanofluids: is the controversy over? 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1
Over the last decade nanofluids (colloidal suspensions of solid nanoparticles) sparked excitement as well as controversy.
In particular, a number of researches reported dramatic increases of thermal conductivity with small nanoparticle loading,
while others showed moderate increases consistent with the effective medium theories on well-dispersed conductive spheres.
Accordingly, the mechanism of thermal conductivity enhancement is a hotly debated topic. We present a critical analysis of
the experimental data in terms of the potential mechanisms and show that, by accounting for linear particle aggregation, the
well established effective medium theories for composite materials are capable of explaining the vast majority of the reported
data without resorting to novel mechanisms such as Brownian motion induced nanoconvection, liquid layering at the interface,
or near-field radiation. However, particle aggregation required to significantly enhance thermal conductivity, also increases
fluid viscosity rendering the benefit of nanofluids to flow based cooling applications questionable. 相似文献
102.
Release studies on niosomes containing fatty alcohols as bilayer stabilizers instead of cholesterol 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Devaraj GN Parakh SR Devraj R Apte SS Rao BR Rambhau D 《Journal of colloid and interface science》2002,251(2):360-365
Monomers of some amphiphiles organize into bilayers to form liposomes and niosomes. Such bilayers are unstable or leaky and hence cholesterol is a common ingredient included to stabilize them. Cholesterol stabilizes bilayers, prevents leakiness, and retards permeation of solutes enclosed in the aqueous core of these vesicles. Other than cholesterol a material with good bilayer-stabilizing properties is yet to be identified. We have substituted cholesterol with fatty alcohols in niosomes containing polyglyceryl-3-di-isostearate (PGDS) and polysorbate-80 (PS-80) to explore their membrane-stabilizing property via permeation studies. Niosomes of polyglyceryl-3-di-isostearate, fatty alcohol/cholesterol, and polysorbate were prepared by ether injection method. Aqueous solution of ketorolac tromethamine (KT) was entrapped in them. The effects of alkyl chain length of fatty alcohols (C(12), C(14), C(16), C(18), and C(16+18)), of acyl chain length of polyoxyethylene sorbitan monoester surfactants, and of the molar ratio of lipid mixture on the release rate of ketorolac from niosomes were assessed by employing modified dissolution-dialysis method. Niosomes with cholesterol or fatty alcohols have exhibited a common release pattern. Niosomes containing fatty alcohol showed a considerably slower release rate of KT than those containing cholesterol. Based on the release rate, fatty alcohols can be ranked as stearyl相似文献
103.
Ravi P. Agarwal X.H. Tang Z.C. Wang 《Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications》1999,240(2):1
In this paper, we shall consider a class of neutral differential equations of the form
where τ (0, ∞), σ [0, ∞), Q(t) C([t0, ∞), R + ), r(t) C([t0, ∞), (0, ∞)) with r(t) nondecreasing on [t0 − τ, ∞). We shall show that all positive solutions of ( * ) can be classified into four types, A, B, C, and D, and we shall obtain sufficient and necessary conditions for the existence of A-type, B-type, and D-type positive solutions of ( * ), respectively. A sufficient condition for the existence of C-type positive solutions of ( * ) is also given. Finally, we shall offer a sharp oscillation result for all solutions of ( * ). Our results generalize and improve those established in B. Yang and B. G. Zhang (Funkcial. Ekvac.39 (1996), 347–362). 相似文献
Full-size image (1K)
104.
Ravi P. Agarwal 《Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics》1983,9(4):315-325
The paper deals with some general iterative methods in n-metric spaces. The obtained results are more explicit than those known in the literature and provides error estimates when the sequence obtained on a floating-point system starts oscillating. A stopping criteria and error estimates at that stage are provided. An application to multi-point boundary value problems is also given. 相似文献
105.
Maiti K Singh RS Medicherla VR Rayaprol S Sampathkumaran EV 《Physical review letters》2005,95(1):016404
We investigate the origin of charge density wave (CDW) formation in insulators by studying BaIrO3 using high-resolution (1.4 meV) photoemission spectroscopy. The spectra reveal the existence of localized density of states at the Fermi level, E(F), in the vicinity of room temperature. These localized states are found to vanish as the temperature is lowered, thereby, opening a soft gap at E(F), as a consequence of CDW transition. In addition, the energy dependence of the spectral density of states reveals the importance of magnetic interactions, rather than well-known Coulomb repulsion effect, in determining the electronic structure thereby implying a close relationship between ferromagnetism and CDW observed in this compound. Also, Ba core level spectra surprisingly exhibit an unusual behavior prior to CDW transition. 相似文献
106.
Pinkerton RG Barberi EA Menon RS 《Journal of magnetic resonance (San Diego, Calif. : 1997)》2004,171(1):151-156
The use of multiple radiofrequency (RF) surface coil elements has applications in both fast parallel imaging and conventional imaging techniques. Through implementation of a simple magnetic decoupling network, 50 Omega matching can be achieved in both the transmitter and receiver chains, enabling the use of conventional RF power amplifiers and preamplifiers for transceive applications. Unlike phased array coil arrangements using low impedance preamplifiers for decoupling, the noise correlation between 50 Omega coils decoupled with discrete components has not been characterized. We have measured the dependence of coil quality factor (Q-factor) and noise correlation on coil separation and shown these quantities to be consistent with theoretical arguments, at least at 4 T (170 MHz). Our results suggest that a coil system for transmission and reception of NMR signals with 50 Omega coils can be built to take advantage of all the benefits of conventional array coils and with the added advantages of using conventional amplifiers. 相似文献
107.
Relative importance of hydrogen bonding and coordinating groups in modulating the zinc-water acidity
Mareque-Rivas JC Prabaharan R de Rosales RT 《Chemical communications (Cambridge, England)》2004,(1):76-77
The presence of second-sphere -NH(2) groups in the proximity of a zinc(ii)-bound water molecule enhances its acidity by ca. 2 pK(a) units. 相似文献
108.
We consider the following system of discrete equations
. Criteria for the existence of three constant-sign solutions of the system will be developed. To illustrate the generality of the results obtained, we include applications to several well-known boundary value problems. Parallel results are also established for a system on {0,1,...}
. 相似文献
109.
Karajanagi SS Vertegel AA Kane RS Dordick JS 《Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids》2004,20(26):11594-11599
We have examined the structure and function of two enzymes, alpha-chymotrypsin (CT) and soybean peroxidase (SBP), adsorbed onto single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). SBP retained up to 30% of its native activity upon adsorption, while the adsorbed CT retained only 1% of its native activity. Analysis of the secondary structure of the proteins via FT-IR spectroscopy revealed that both enzymes undergo structural changes upon adsorption, with substantial secondary structural perturbation observed for CT. Consistent with these results, AFM images of the adsorbed enzymes indicated that SBP retains its native three-dimensional shape while CT appears to unfold on the SWNT surface. This study represents the first in depth investigation of protein structure and function on carbon nanotubes, which is critical in designing optimal carbon nanotube-protein conjugates. 相似文献
110.
The Integrating Sphere Integrating Nephelometer is a novel and unique reciprocal nephelometer that uses an integrating sphere with attached truncation-reduction tubes to contain the sample volume and to integrate the scattered light. Its main advantage compared with current integrating nephelometers is a sevenfold reduction in truncation angle, which reduces errors in measured scattering from large particles. Additional features include improved sampling efficiency for large particles and a well-defined operating wavelength. 相似文献