Analysis of a three node queueing network

The three node Jackson queueing network is the simplest acyclic network in which in equilibrium the sojourn times of a customer at each of the nodes are dependent. We show that assuming the individual sojourn times are independent provides a good approximation to the total sojourn time. This is done by simulating the network and showing that the sojourn times generally pass a Kolmogorov-Smirnov test as having come from the approximating distribution. Since the sum of dependent random variables may have the same distribution as the sum of independent random variables with the same marginal distributions, it is conceivable that our approximation is exact. However, we numerically compute upper and lower bounds for the distribution of the total sojourn time; these bounds are so close that the approximating distribution lies outside of the bounds. Thus, the bounds are accurate enough to distinguish between the two distributions even though the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test generally cannot.     

Survey on nucleate pool boiling of nanofluids: the effect of particle size relative to roughness

Pool boiling heat transfer using nanofluids (which are suspensions of nano-sized particles in a base fluid) has been a subject of many investigations and incoherent results have been reported in literature regarding the same. In the past, experiments were conducted in nucleate pool boiling with varying parameters such as particle size, concentration, surface roughness etc. and all sort of results ranging from heat transfer enhancement, deterioration and no effect were reported. This work tries to segregate a survey on pool boiling of nanofluids with respect to particle concentration. This is due to the fact that a major drift in heat transfer behavior is observed at higher and lower particle concentration. But upon deep perusal it has been found that deterioration in heat transfer coefficient are mainly observed at higher particle concentrations (4–16% by weight) and enhancements mainly at lower particle concentrations (0.32–1.25% by weight). Moreover, the relative size of the particle with respect to the surface roughness of the heating surface seems to play an important role in understanding the boiling behaviour. Also, recent works have reported that change in ‘surface wetting’ of the heating surface due to nanofluids and the formation of a porous layer modifiying nucleation site density can be of importance in predicting nucleate pool boiling characteristics of nanofluids. In the present paper, attempts are made to make systematic analysis of results in literature and try to bring out a common understanding of the results in literature.     

Control of spray spot shape in cold spray technology. Part 2. Spraying process

The present paper studies high-velocity heterogeneous flows produced with nozzle designs unconventional for cold spray; the process of coating deposition was studied under these conditions. The possibility of using unconventional gas dynamic tools (swirling of main flow, nozzles with permeable profiles and with slots in the supersonic part of nozzle) for control of particle distribution in the supersonic jet is investigated: this might be useful for obtaining a proper shape of the spray spot. These experiments offered a method of gas-dynamic design for the spray spot shape, which extends the possibilities of cold spray technique.     

Control of spray spot in cold spray technology. Part 1. Gas dynamic aspects

This paper presents a study of supersonic jets formed by approaches that are new for cold spray technique: the main flow is swirled, the nozzles with permeable profiles and with exit slots on the supersonic section are engineered. The flow swirling achieved in the nozzle prechamber retains downstream to substrate surface. The system of vortices created within the permeable nozzles changes the shock wave features of the overexpanded jet and the geometry of the bow shock wave ahead of the substrate surface. These new features of flow may affect particle motion and particlesubstrate interaction under the conditions of cold spray process; this offers tools for obtaining the necessary shape of a spray spot.