LV-pIN-KDEL: a novel lentiviral vector demonstrates the morphology,dynamics and continuity of the endoplasmic reticulum in live neurones

Background  

The neuronal endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an extensive, complex endomembrane system, containing Ca²⁺ pumps, and Ca²⁺ channels that permit it to act as a dynamic calcium store. Currently, there is controversy over the continuity of the ER in neurones, how this intersects with calcium signalling and the possibility of physical compartmentalisation. Unfortunately, available probes of ER structure such as vital dyes are limited by their membrane specificity. The introduction of ER-targeted GFP plasmids has been a considerable step forward, but these are difficult to express in neurones through conventional transfection approaches. To circumvent such problems we have engineered a novel ER-targeted GFP construct, termed pIN-KDEL, into a 3^rd generation replication-defective, self-inactivating lentiviral vector system capable of mediating gene transduction in diverse dividing and post-mitotic mammalian cells, including neurones.     

Conformations of GABA analogues. I: Crystal and molecular structure of guanidinoacetic acid

The crystal and molecular structure of guanidinoacetic acid has been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. The crystals are monoclinic, space groupP2₁/c, witha = 4.942(3),b = 6.010(3),c = 21.911(14) Å, = 128.60(4) °, andZ = 4. The structure was solved by direct methods, and refined by least-squares procedures toR = 0.070 for 552 observed diffraction maxima. The molecules are zwitterions linked by an infinite three-dimensional network of hydrogen bonds via the primary amine nitrogen and carboxylate oxygen atoms. The secondary amine nitrogen atom is not involved in hydrogen bonding.     

Determination of the g-meson spin

A spherical harmonic moment analysis of 220 000 events of the reaction π⁻p→π⁻π⁺n at 17.2 GeV/c determines the spin-parity of the g-meson to be 3⁻.     

Selective flourinations with 1-flouro-2-pyridone

1-Fluoro-2-pyridone has been used to fluorinata selectively enamines and Grignard reagents under mild conditions.     

Some undecidable determined games

Computing machines using algorithms play games and even learn to play games. However, the inherent finiteness properties of algorithms impose limitations on the game playing abilities of machines. M. Rabin illustrated this limitation in 1957 by constructing a two-person win-lose game with decidable rules but no computable winning strategies. Rabin's game was of the type where two players take turns choosing integers to satisfy some decidable but very complicated winning condition. In the present paper we obtain similar theorems of this type but the winning conditions are extremely simple relations (polynomial equations). Specific examples are given.     

Angular distributions in proton-nucleus interactions in emulsion at 800 GeV

Data on angular distributions of heavily ionizing and shower particles in incoherent protonnucleus collisions in emulsion at 800 GeV are reported and discussed in details. Dependence of angular distributions on the mass number of a target nucleus and on the multiplicity of charged particles is investigated. The data presented are systematically compared with results of emulsion experiments at lower energies and with predictions of the Lund Monte Carlo model FRITIOF.