The effect of sampling conditions on the thermal decomposition of electrolytic manganese dioxide

The effect of sampling conditions on the decomposition of electrolytic manganese dioxide using thermal methods is reported. Significant differences were observed in the mechanism of the decomposition by simply changing the reaction environment from a closed pan to an open pan configuration. The purge gas atmosphere was also observed to influence the decomposition mechanism. As a product of the decomposition is oxygen, the change in the mechanism observed between the experimental conditions may be explained in terms of the ease of removal of oxygen from the reaction site. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Application of thermal analysis to study smelting reduction kinetics

A thermal analysis study on the reduction of iron oxide rich slags under different conditions is presented in this paper. The effects of important process variables such as time, temperature, lime-silica ratio, FeO level in slag etc. are discussed. It is shown that the mechanism of reduction by externally added graphite is different from that by a carbon saturated bath although the activation energy values are similar.     

On the maximum of the minimum of a sum

LetB denote the closure of a bounded open set of points inE ⁿ with Jordan content |B|>0 and letc>0 be constant. Typical of the expressions considered is $$M(N,c) = \max _{\left\{ {x_j } \right\}} \min _{x \in B} \sum\limits_{j = 1}^N {\left| {x - x_j } \right|^{ - c} } ,x_j \in E^n$$ Together with its analogs and extensions, the problem forc has a long history, associated with the names of Fekete, Leja, Pólya, Szegö, Frostman and Carleson, to mention just a few. It involves the notions of generalized capacity, transfinite diameter, and equilibrium potential. Here we consider the casec≧n and its extensions, for which the prior history seems less comprehensive. Illustrative of the results obtained are the three equations $$\mathop {\lim }\limits_{N \to \infty } \frac{{M(N,n)}}{{N\log N}} = \frac{{\omega (n)}}{{\left| B \right|}},\mathop {\lim }\limits_{N \to \infty } \frac{{M(N,c)}}{{N^{{c \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {c n}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} n}} }} = \frac{{L(n,c)}}{{\left| B \right|^{{c \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {c n}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} n}} }},\mathop {\lim }\limits_{c \to \infty } L(n,c)^{{1 \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {1 c}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} c}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{N \to \infty } \frac{{\left( {\left| B \right|/N} \right)^{{1 \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {1 n}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} n}} }}{{\varrho (N)}}$$ In the firstc=n and ω (n) is the volume of the unit ball. In the secondc>n and existence of the limit is asserted, 0<L(n,c)<∞. In the third, ? (N) is the smallest value such thatN spheres of radius ? (N) can coverB. The results would be unchanged if we requiredx _j ∈B instead ofx _j ∈E ⁿ in the definition ofM(N, c).     

Inclusive ϕ production inK − p interactions at 110 GeV/c and search for structure in φ π−

Results on inclusive ? production inK ^? p interactions at 110 GeV/c are presented. The production cross section is found to be larger than in πp andpp interactions at similar energies, suggesting OZI allowed \(s\bar s\) fusion to be the dominant mechanism in ? production. Thex distributions of ? and \(\bar K^{*0} \) are found to be similar to each other over the entirex range suggesting an overall strangeness suppression factor of 0.20±0.04 in the sea to be the dominant source of the difference in the cross section for ? and \(\bar K^{*0} \) . There is no evidence of a narrowφπ ^? state around 2.1 GeV/c² as suggested byK ⁺ experiments, but there is some excess of events in the region 1.94?1.98 GeV/c² consistent with theF-meson mass as observed ine ⁺ e ^? experiments.     

Interactions of Some Amino Acids with Aqueous Tetraethylammonium Bromide at 298.15 K: A Volumetric Approach

The apparent molar volumes, V_,2, of glycine, L-alanine, DL--amino-n-butyric acid, L-valine, and L-leucine have been determined in aqueous 0.25, 0.75, 1.0, and 1.5 mol-dm^–3 tetraethylammonium bromide (TEAB) solutions by density measurements at 298.15 K. These data have been used to calculate the infinite dilution apparent molar volumes, V_2,m, for the amino acids in aqueous tetraethylammonium bromide and the standard partial molar volumes of transfer (_tr V_2,m) of the amino acids from water to the aqueous salt solutions. The linear correlation of V_2,m for a homologous series of amino acids has been utilized to calculate the contribution of the charged end groups (NH₃⁺, COO^–), CH₂ group, and other alkyl chains of the amino acids to V_2,m. The results of the standard partial molar volumes of transfer from water to aqueous tetraethylammonium bromide have been interpreted in terms of ion–ion, ion–polar, and hydrophobic–hydrophobic group interactions. The volume of transfer data suggest that ion–ion or ion–hydrophilic interactions are predominant in the case of glycine and alanine, and hydrophobic–hydrophobic group interactions are predominant in the case of DL--amino butyric acid, L-valine, and L-leucine.     

Proton transfer reaction in 4-hydroxy-3-formyl benzoic acid in protic solvents at room temperature and 77K and some theoretical aspects

Proton transfer processes of 4-hydroxy-3-formyl benzoic acid (HFBA) have been studied in a number of different protic solvents by means of absorption, emission and nanosecond transient spectroscopy at room temperature and 77K. Intermolecular interaction occurs in polar protic solvents only in presence of a base in the ground state whereas in the excited state, intermolecular complex formation and proton transfer occurs even in pure protic solvents. The dianion is detected in water, methanol, ethanol and TFE in presence of base. HFBA shows phosphorescence in pure ethanol at 77K. The occurrence of phosphorescence is due to rupture of the intramolecular bond and rotation of the formyl group. We have calculated quantum yields of fluorescence and also estimated decay rates from nanosecond measurements. The energetics of the ground and excited state proton transfer in HFBA have been investigated at the AM1 level of approximation. The ground singlet is predicted to have a large activation barrier on the proton transfer path, while the barrier height is much lower on the corresponding excited singlet surface.