碳桥限制构型催化剂催化乙烯1-己烯共聚和共聚物结构表征

为了碳桥限制构型催化剂(CpCN-CGC)的工业应用,为模试提供工艺参数,我们考察了用这种催化剂,以正庚烷为溶剂,甲基铝氧烷(MAO)为助催化剂的乙烯与1-己烯共聚,考察因素包括聚合温度、乙烯压力、铝锆比、氢气压力和1-己烯浓度.研究发现聚合温度从100升高到140℃,共聚活性先升高再降低,聚合物分子量持续降低;氢气分压从0.1增加到0.8 MPa,共聚活性仍呈先升高再降低,聚合物分子量持续降低的趋势;乙烯压力从0.4升高到1.8 MPa,共聚活性先升高再降低,但聚合物分子量逐步增大;Al/Zr从500升高到1 000,共聚活性逐步增大,但聚合物分子量趋向减小.优化工艺条件为:催化剂用量为10μmol,Al/Zr=700,聚合温度为110~120℃,乙烯压力为1.2~1.4 MPa,1-己烯加入量为20 mL,聚合时间为30 min.此时共聚活性最高达到106g/(mol-Zr·h),共聚物中1-己烯插入率达到了8.34%;用13C-NMR、GPC、DSC表征了聚合产物,计算了二单元组和三段组序列分布,并发现有交替共聚片段HEHE存在.最后还讨论了在聚合物中发现的多种支链的形成机理.     

十二烷基苯磺酸钠增敏乙基紫共振光散射法测定人尿中痕量1-羟基芘

基于乙基紫(EV)与1-羟基芘(1-OHP)反应形成离子缔合物,导致体系的共振光散射(RLS)增强,建立了测定1-OHP的共振光散射法.在pH 8.0Tris-HCl缓冲介质中,最大RLS峰位于396 nm,其强度与1-OHP浓度成线性关系.加入表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS),体系的灵敏度可提高两倍以上.方法的线性范围为4.0～982 μg·L-1,相关系数r=0.999 4,检出限1.2 μg·L-1,相对标准偏差为5.8%～7.9%,平均回收率为94%(n=6).已成功用于人尿中痕量1-OHP的测定,结果满意.     

二极管阵列检测-流动注射分光光度法同时测定食品中铁铜钴

目的在于建立同时测定食品中铁、铜、钴三种微量元素的新方法。以2-(5-溴-2-吡啶偶氮)-5-二乙氨基酚(5-Br-PADAP)为显色剂,Triton X-100为增敏剂,采用流动注射-CCD二极管阵列检测-分光光度分析法同时对其进行测定。优化了实验参数,并用偏最小二乘法计算程序解析重叠光谱。结果显示,铁、铜和钴的线性范围分别为0.2～10 μg·mL-1,0.1～5.0 μg·mL-1,0.01～1.0 μg·mL-1,检出限分别为：0.2,0.1,0.01 μg·mL-1,进样频率为45样·h-1。所建方法用于茶叶、芝麻、小米等食品测定时,样品加标回收率分别为铁89.4%～102.3%、铜92.2%～108.0%、钴93.2%～110.8%,相对标准偏差为1.1%～12.1%。对国家一级标准参考物质茶叶和桃叶进行测定(ｎ＝8),结果在其给出的保证值范围之内。     

Theory of nonlinear Gaussian noise

We consider stochastic differential equations of the Langevin type in which the noise enters nonlinearly. In particular we study quadratic gaussian noise and we derive equations for the probability density under different approximations. In the limit of small intensity and small correlation time of the noise we obtain a Fokker-Planck equation which accounts for the main effects of the nonlinear noise. We present some examples and we discuss the consequences of our results in the analysis of an electrohydrodynamic instability in liquid crystals in the presence of external noise.     

Regular wave propagation out of noise in chemical active media

A pacemaker, regularly emitting chemical waves, is created out of noise when an excitable photosensitive Belousov-Zhabotinsky medium, strictly unable to autonomously initiate autowaves, is forced with a spatiotemporal patterned random illumination. These experimental observations are also reproduced numerically by using a set of reaction-diffusion equations for an activator-inhibitor model, and further analytically interpreted in terms of genuine coupling effects arising from parametric fluctuations. Within the same framework we also address situations of noise-sustained propagation in subexcitable media.     

Brownian motion of spiral waves driven by spatiotemporal structured noise

Spiral chemical waves subjected to a spatiotemporal random excitability are experimentally and numerically investigated in relation to the light-sensitive Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction. Brownian motion is identified and characterized by an effective diffusion coefficient which shows a rather complex dependence on the time and length scales of the noise relative to those of the spiral. A kinematically based model is proposed whose results are in good qualitative agreement with experiments and numerics.     

A phase I, randomized study of combined IL-2 and therapeutic immunisation with antiretroviral therapy

Background  

Fully functional HIV-1-specific CD8 and CD4 effector T-cell responses are vital to the containment of viral activity and disease progression. These responses are lacking in HIV-1-infected patients with progressive disease. We attempted to augment fully functional HIV-1-specific CD8 and CD4 effector T-cell responses in patients with advanced chronic HIV-1 infection.     

Determination of sub‐ppb epichlorohydrin levels in water by on‐line solid‐phase extraction liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry

A new sensitive and selective method based on on‐line solid‐phase extraction (SPE) coupled to liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI‐MS/MS) using a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer has been developed for the determination of epichlorohydrin (ECH) in different types of water samples. ECH is not easily determined directly by ESI‐MS as it is not readily ionized, and it has a low molecular mass and high polarity. Thus, prior derivatization of ECH was necessary, employing 3,5‐difluorobenzylamine as a derivatizing agent with Fe(III) as a catalyst. In order to achieve accurate quantification, correcting for matrix effects, losses in the derivatization process and instrumental deviations, isotope labelled ECH (ECH‐d₅) was added as an internal standard (IS) to the water samples. The method was validated based on European SANCO guidelines using drinking and other types of treated water spiked at two concentration levels (0.1 and 1.0 µg/L), the lower level having been established as the limit of quantification (LOQ) of the method. Satisfactory accuracy (recoveries between 70 and 103%), precision (RSD <20%) and linearity (from 0.05 to 50 µg/L, r >0.99) were obtained. The limit of detection (LOD) was set up at 0.03 µg/L. The method was applied to different water samples (drinking water and water samples collected from a municipal treatment water plant). In order to enhance confidence, five selected reaction monitoring (SRM) transitions were acquired, thus obtaining a simultaneous reliable quantification and identification of ECH in water, even at sub‐ppb levels. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Potential of atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source in GC‐QTOF MS for pesticide residue analysis

The potential applications of a new atmospheric pressure source for GC‐MS analysis have been investigated in this work. A list of around 100 GC‐amenable pesticides, which includes organochlorine, organophosphorus and organonitrogenated compounds, has been used to evaluate their behavior in the new source. Favoring the major formation of the molecular ion in the source has been the main goal due to the wide‐scope screening possibilities that this fact brings in comparison with the traditional, highly fragmented electron ionization spectra. Thus, the addition of water as modifier has been tested as a way to promote the generation of protonated molecules. Pesticides investigated have been classified into six groups according to their ionization/fragmentation behavior. Four of them are characterized by the abundant formation of the protonated molecule in the atmospheric pressure source, mostly being the base peak of the spectrum. These results show that wide‐scope screening could be easily performed with this source by investigating the presence of the protonated molecule ion, MH+. The developed procedure has been applied to pesticide screening in different food samples (nectarine, orange and spinach) and it has allowed the presence of several pesticides to be confirmed such as chlorpyriphos ethyl, deltamethrin and endosulfan sulfate. The availability of a quadrupole time‐of‐flight instrument made it feasible to perform additional MS/MS experiments for both standards and samples to go further in the confirmation of the identity of the detected compounds. Results shown in this paper have been obtained using a prototype source which exhibits promising features that could be applied to other analytical problems apart from those illustrated in this work. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.