Ellipsometric analyses for an absorbing surface film on an absorbing substrate with or without an intermediate surface layer

Various ellipsometric analyses have been derived to characterize the optical properties of a single-layer or a double-layer surface film overlaid on a substrate material. The general numerical technique is independent of the method (or methods) used in the series of ellipsometric measurements which provide the raw data. The convergence to unambiguously determined values of the unknown parameters is systematically carried out in the numerical search procedure. Selected examples are presented to illustrate the validity of various analyses and the possible usage of these analyses to optimize the experimental conditions and measurement methods.     

Goals and Constraints in Decision-making<Superscript>†</Superscript>

Most problems in management involve multiple goals and two approaches to solving managerial problems have been suggested: optimizing and satisficing. The first covers methods of trade-offs, optimizing in tandem, conversion of goals into constraints and goal programming. The second mainly centres on norm setting and on interval programming. It is argued that cost-benefit analysis essentially belongs to the first group and that, contrary to some suggestions, the differences between the industrial and public sectors (as far as O.R. is concerned) are not related to differences between the optimizing and satisficing philosophies.     

Infrared correlations in the bile acid series

The infrared spectra of a number of esters and free acids in the cholanic acid series have been examined with the aid of a special solvent system which overcomes the problem of solubility. Eleven absorption regions in the 9–12 μ region have been correlated with specific substitution on the steroid nucleus and side chain. In certain cases, perturbations were found when di- or tri-substitution occurred in rings A, B, andJor C.