Alkyltrioctylphosphonium chloride ionic liquids: synthesis and physicochemical properties

A series of alkyltrioctylphosphonium chloride ionic liquids, prepared from trioctylphosphine, and the respective 1-chloroalkane (C(n)H(2n+1)Cl), where n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12 or 14, is presented. The cynosure of this work is the manner in which the variable chain length impacts the physical properties, such as melting points/glass transitions, thermal stability, density and viscosity. Experimental density and viscosity data were interpreted using QPSR correlations and group contribution methods. We present the first example of an empirical alternation effect for ionic liquids.     

Polyethylene Glycol–Mediated Kinetic Study of Nitrodecarboxylation of α,β‐Unsaturated Acids by Blau's Fe(III) Bipy Complex

A kinetic and mechanistic study of nitro decarboxylation of α,β‐unsaturated acids (USA) has been taken up by Blau's yellow complex [Fe(III) nitrate–Bipy] in polyethylene glycol (PEG)–acetonitrile media. Kinetics of the reactions indicated a rate law: rate = ab[Fe (III)][Bipy][USA]/(1 + b [Bipy]), that represents the Michaelis–Menten type mechanism. Reaction rates are significantly influenced by the structural variation and concentration of PEG. The mechanism of PEG‐mediated reaction was explained through the formation of more active [PEG bound Fe(III) nitrate–Bipy species] than [Fe (III) nitrate–Bipy] itself. Formation of [PEG bound Fe(III) nitrate–Bipy species] could be due to the interaction of polyoxyethylene glycolate moiety with [Fe (III) nitrate–Bipy species] in the lines of nonionic micellar interactions.     

Thermoelectric properties of SnzCo8Sb24 skutterudites

Sn-filled CoSb₃ skutterudite compounds were synthesized by the induction melting process. Formation of a single δ-phase of the synthesized materials was confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis. The temperature dependences of the Seebeck coefficient, electrical resistivity and thermal conductivity were examined in the temperature range of 300-700 K. Positive Seebeck and Hall coefficients confirmed p-type conductivity. Electrical resistivity increased with increasing temperature, which shows that the Sn-filled CoSb₃ skutterudite is a degenerate semiconductor. The thermal conductivity was reduced by Sn-filling because the filler atoms acted as phonon scattering centers in the skutterudite lattice. The lowest thermal conductivity was achieved in the composition of Sn_0.25Co₈Sb₂₄.     

Parametric investigation of nonlinear fluctuations in a dc glow discharge plasma

Glow discharge plasmas exhibit various types of self-excited oscillations for different initial conditions like discharge voltages and filling pressures. The behavior of such oscillations associated with the anode glow has been investigated using nonlinear techniques like correlation dimension, largest Lyapunov exponent, etc. It is seen that these oscillations go to an ordered state from a chaotic state with an increase in input energy, i.e., with discharge voltages implying occurrence of inverse bifurcations. These results are different from the other observations wherein the fluctuations have been observed to go from ordered to chaotic state.     

Measurement of nonlinear refractive index of pure and doped KTP crystals by Z-scan technique using cw He–Ne Laser

Single crystals of pure, Mo and W doped KTP crystals were grown by flux technique. The grown crystals were subjected to various characterization studies such as EDX, powder XRD, FTIR and UV analysis. The SHG efficiencies of the pure and doped KTP crystals were measured by Kurtz–Perry technique and it was found that the doped KTP crystals exhibit higher values of SHG. Nonlinear refractive indexes were measured on different growth planes of pure and doped crystals by Z-scan method using a cw (continuous wave) He–Ne laser at 632.8 nm. The measured values of nonlinear refraction of different planes were in the order of 10⁻¹² cm²/W.     

A linear stability analysis of a mixed convection plume from a line source: higher order effects

Aiding mixed convection flow resulting from the vertical flow of a uniform stream past a horizontal line source of heat is of importance in many practical situations such as hot-wire anemometry, etc. In this paper, the stability of such a flow to small disturbances is analyzed in terms of the linear stability theory. The analysis treats the presence of the free stream as a perturbation of a natural convection plume generated by the line source of heat. The base flow as well as the disturbance field are determined by means of a systematic perturbation expansion.The results presented here extend the results of an earlier investigation [1], by considering second-order mixed convection effects. The results reveal that the free stream has a stabilizing effect. As expected, consideration of second-order mixed convection effects further enhances the stability of the flow. The reported results are valid at a large distance from the source where the flow field is dominated by buoyancy effects.

---

Résumé Aidant la convection mixte d'un écoulement résultant d'un écoulement uniforme vertical, à l'arrière d'une source rectiligne horizontale de chaleur, est important en plusieurs situations pratiques, comme celui de l'anémomètre à fil chaud, etc. Dans cet article, la stabilité de ce genre d'écoulement aux pertubations est analysée par la théorie de la stabilité linéaire. L'analyse traits la présence de l'écoulement libre comme perturbation d'une convection naturelle du panache crée par la source rectiligne de chaleur. L'écoulement de base ainsi que le champ exposé aux perturbations sont déterminés au moyen d'une série de perturbations systématiques. L'analyse prend en considération la nature non-parallèle de l'écoulement de base.Les résultats présentés ici, élargissent les résultats d'une étude précédente [1], en considérant le second ordre des effets de la convection mixte. La consideration du second ordre des effets de la convection mixte augmente la stabilité de l'écoulement. De même, l'effet de la convection mixte sur la courbe neutre semble différent de celle-ci pour une paroi limitée des écoulements.

     

The conductivity and dielectric studies of solid polymer electrolytes based on poly (acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) doped with sodium iodide

Solid polymer electrolyte thin films based on polyacrylamide-co-acrylic acid (PAAC) doped with sodium iodide (NaI) with different ratios of polymer and salt added with fixed amount of additive of propylene carbonate (PC) were prepared by using solution casting method. The PC was added to the mixture of the solution to provide more flexibility to the polymer film by increasing the plasticity of the thin film membrane. The conductivity and dielectric studies were carried out on these thin films to understand the ion transport properties of the polymer electrolytes. The highest conductivity obtained was 1.88?×?10^?5 S cm^?1 for the 30% NaI salt-doped polymer electrolyte system at room temperature. The temperature-dependent conductivity agrees with Arrhenius relationship which shows that hopping mechanism of ions in the polymer matrix. The dielectric properties especially the loss tangent used to analyze the segmental relaxation of the polymer chain as more concentration of salt was incorporated. The electric modulus was studied to understand the electrical relaxation processes to overcome electrode polarization effect.     

Asymptotic Study to the N-Dimensional Radial Schrdinger Equation for the Quark-Antiquark System

Here an asymptotic study to the N-dimensional radial Schrdinger equation for the quark-antiquark interaction potential employing asymptotic iteration method via an ansatz to the wavefunction is carried out. The complete energy spectra of the consigned system is obtained by computing and adding energy eigenvalues for ground state, for large " r" and for small " r". From this analysis, the mass spectra of heavy quarkonia is derived in three dimensions. Our analytical and numerical results are in good correspondence with other experimental and theoretical studies.