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131.
We study the effect of external potential on transport properties of the fermionic two-leg ladder model. The response of the system to a local perturbation is strongly dependent on the ground state properties of the system and especially on the dominant correlations. We categorize all phases and transitions in the model (for incommensurate filling) and introduce “hopping-driven transitions” that the system undergoes as the inter-chain hopping is increased from zero. We also describe the response of the system to an ionic potential. The physics of this effect is similar to that of the single impurity, except that the ionic potential can affect the bulk properties of the system and in particular induce true long range order.  相似文献   
132.
More than 50 students, post-docs, and career scientists from US national laboratories, academic institutions, and the international user community participated in this four-day school, held from June 2–5, 2009, which delved deeply into theoretical and practical aspects of synchrotron X-ray spectroscopy. The fourth annual school on synchrotron techniques in environmental and materials sciences, organized by the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource (SSRL) at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, was designed to introduce new and prospective users to theoretical underpinnings and capabilities of the techniques, data collection procedures, and data analysis approaches. More advanced topics, particularly in data analysis, were also discussed to reinforce and clarify important concepts that are fundamental to data interpretation. Although the school focused principally on applications in environmental and materials sciences, diverse and cross-cutting disciplinary backgrounds were represented, from environmental remediation science and geochemistry, to heterogeneous catalysis and bioinorganic chemistry, to materials sciences and applied physics.  相似文献   
133.
We propose a general framework to model equity volatility for a firm financed by equity and additional non-equity sources of funds. The stochastic nature of equity volatility is endogenous, and comes from the impact of a change in the value of the firm's assets on the financial leverage. We first present the basic model, which is an extension of the Black-Scholes model, to value corporate securities. Second, we show for the first time in the option literature, that instantaneous equity volatility is a solution of a partial differential equation similar to Black-Scholes', although it is non-linear and in general does not have any analytical solution. However, analytical approximations for equity volatility are proposed for different capital structures: (1) equity and debt, (2) equity and warrants, and (3) equity, debt and warrants. They are shown to be very accurate.  相似文献   
134.
135.
Although studied for years, due to their dynamic nature, research in the field of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) has remained a vast area of interest. Since once distributed, there will be less to no plausibility of recharge, energy conservation has become one of the pressing concerns regarding this particular type of network. In fact, one of the main obligations of designers is to make efficient use of these scarce resources. There has been tremendous work done in different layers of protocol stack in order to intensify energy conservation. To date, numerous topology control algorithms have been proposed, however, only a few have used meta-heuristics such as genetic algorithms, neural networks and/or learning automata to overcome this issue. On the other hand, since nodes are mobile and thus in a different spatial position, as time varies, we can expect that by regulating time intervals between topology controls, one may prolong the network’s lifetime. The main initiative of this paper is to intensify energy conservation in a mobile ad hoc network by using weighted and learning automata based algorithms. The learning automata, regulates time intervals between which the topology controls are done. The represented learning automata based algorithm uses its learning ability to find appropriate time-intervals so that the nodes would regulate the energy needed in order to exchange the information to their neighbors, accordingly. Moreover, at first we have represented two weighted based algorithms which extend two prominent protocols, namely K-Neigh and LMST. Then these algorithms are combined with a learning based algorithm which regulates time intervals between which the topology controls are done. In comparison with approaches that are based on periodic topology controls, proposed approach shows enhanced results. On the other hand, considering the learning ability of the learning automata based algorithms, composition of the aforementioned algorithms has been proven to be enhanced, in the respect of energy consumed per data transmitted, over those compared with.  相似文献   
136.
The conversion of saturated fatty acids to high value chiral hydroxy‐acids and lactones poses a number of synthetic challenges: the activation of unreactive C?H bonds and the need for regio‐ and stereoselectivity. Here the first example of a wild‐type cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP116B46 from Tepidiphilus thermophilus) capable of enantio‐ and regioselective C5 hydroxylation of decanoic acid 1 to (S)‐5‐hydroxydecanoic acid 2 is reported. Subsequent lactonization yields (S)‐δ‐decalactone 3 , a high value fragrance compound, with greater than 90 % ee. Docking studies provide a rationale for the high regio‐ and enantioselectivity of the reaction.  相似文献   
137.
138.
Experimental investigations into the dynamics of cylindrical, laser-driven, high-Mach-number shocks are used to study the thermal cooling instability predicted to occur in astrophysical radiative blast waves. A streaked Schlieren technique measures the full blast-wave trajectory on a single-shot basis, which is key for observing shock velocity oscillations. Electron density profiles and deceleration parameters associated with radiative blast waves were recorded, enabling the calculation of important blast-wave parameters including the fraction of radiated energy, epsilon, as a function of time for comparison with radiation-hydrodynamics simulations.  相似文献   
139.
Magnesium is one of the most important bivalent ions associated with biological apatite. A series of magnesium-substituted calcium apatite coatings (Ca10−xMgx)(PO4)6(OH)2, where x = 0, 0.50, 1.00, 1.50 and 2.00, are synthesized onto Ti6Al4V substrate by sol-gel dip-coating method to determine how magnesium influences the synthesis and the resulting structural and biological properties. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis shows that the incorporation of magnesium helps formation of Mg-containing β-TCP (β-TCMP) phase. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is used to study the chemical composition and the results show that the apatite structure can only host magnesium less than ∼2.4 wt.% beyond which magnesium aggregates on the surfaces. The incorporation of magnesium slows down the dissolution of Ca2+ from the coating. The in vitro behavior of the coatings is evaluated with human osteosarcoma MG63 cells for cell morphology and proliferation. Similar cell morphologies are observed on all coatings. The cell proliferation results show that the incorporation of magnesium up to x = 2 has no adverse effect on cell growth.  相似文献   
140.
Auditory functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) requires quantification of sound stimuli in the magnetic environment and adequate isolation of background noise. We report the development of two novel sound measurement systems that accurately measure the sound intensity inside the ear, which can simultaneously provide the similar or greater amount of scanner- noise protection than ear-muffs. First, we placed a 2.6 x 2.6-mm microphone in an insert phone that was connected to a headphone [microphone-integrated, foam-tipped insert-phone with a headphone (MIHP)]. This attenuated scanner noise by 37.8+/-4.6 dB, a level better than the reference amount obtained using earmuffs. The nonmetallic optical microphone was integrated with a headphone [optical microphone in a headphone (OMHP)] and it effectively detected the change of sound intensity caused by variable compression on the cushions of the headphone. Wearing the OMHP reduced the noise by 28.5+/-5.9 dB and did not affect echoplanar magnetic resonance images. We also performed an auditory fMRI study using the MIHP system and presented increase in the auditory cortical activation following 10-dB increment in the intensity of sound stimulation. These two newly developed sound measurement systems successfully achieved the accurate quantification of sound stimuli with maintaining the similar level of noise protection of wearing earmuffs in the auditory fMRI experiment.  相似文献   
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